Ballistic Damage Characteristics of Cowhide as Skin Surrogate

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2022.01.004

Abstract

Abstract: To explore the similarity between cowhide and human skin, the ballistic impacting experiments were carried out on cowhide in vitro and live creature and the mechanical experiment was carried out on cowhide. The experimental results are used to analyze the mechanical properties, threshold characteristics of cowhide, as well as the impact damage characteristics of creature and cowhide. Results indicate that the tensile failure processes of cowhide and human skin exhibit a similar three-stage pattern: slow rising, linear rising, and rapid falling. The relative errors of strain energy density, failure strength and failure strain are only 6.56%, 6.17% and -4.31%, respectively. The creature and cowhide subjected to the rubber bullet impact have similar partitioned damage characteristics and damage size, that is, the diameters of lesion skin area and kin peeling area are almost equivalent to the bullet diameter, and the diameters of hematoma zone and the fold zone are positively related to the specific kinetic energy of rubber bullet. The perforation threshold specific kinetic energy of cowhide impacted by 6 mm-diameter steel ball is 29.97% higher than that of PMHS skin calculated by the empirical formula. However, considering that the empirical formula is mainly based on the experiments of dead or older cadaver volunteers, the perforation threshold specific kinetic energy data is relatively conservative. It can be concluded that cowhide is similar to human skin in terms of mechanical properties, impact damage characteristics, perforation threshold specific kinetic energy, etc., which is currently a reasonable ballistic skin surrogate.

Key words: woundballistic, cowhide, skinsurrogate, mechanicalproperty, partitioneddamage, perforationthreshold

CLC Number:

TJ012.4

XIONG Manman, YAN Wenmin, XU Cheng, QIN Bin, MA Xuejiao. Ballistic Damage Characteristics of Cowhide as Skin Surrogate[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2022, 43(1): 29-36.

References

［1］刘荫秋, 王正国, 马玉媛. 创伤弹道学［M］. 北京:人民军医出版社, 1991.
LIU Y Q, WANG Z G, MA Y Y. Wound ballistics［M］. Beijing: People's Military Medical Press, 1991. (in Chinese)
［2］ LUO S M, XU C, CHEN A J, et al. Experimental investigation of the response of gelatine behind the soft body armor［J］. Forensic Science International, 2016, 266: 8-13.
［3］ JIN Y X, MAI R M, WU C, et al. Comparison of ballistic impact effects between biological tissue and gelatin［J］. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2018, 78: 292-297.
［4］ CHEN F, CHEN R, JIANG B H. The adaptive finite element material point method for simulation of projectiles penetrating into ballistic gelatin at high velocities［J］ Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 2020, 117: 143-156.
［5］ BATRA R C, PYDAH A. Impact analysis of PEEK/ ceramic/ gelatin composite for finding behind the armor trauma［J］. Composite Structures, 2020, 237: 111863.
［6］熊漫漫, 覃彬, 王舒, 等. 橡皮弹对生物钝击损伤效应试验研究［J］. 兵工学报, 2020, 41(2): 262-269.
XIONG M M, QIN B, WANG S, et al. Experimental study of biological injury effect caused by blunt impacting of rubber bullet［J］. Acta Armamentarii, 2020, 41(2): 262-269. (in Chinese)
［7］ JUSSILA J, LEPPNIEMI A, PARONEN M, et al. Ballistic skin simulant［J］. Forensic Science International, 2005, 150(1): 63-71.
［8］ JUSSILA J. Wound ballistic simulation: assessment of the legitimacy of law enforcement firearms ammunition by means of wound ballistic simulation［D］. Helsinki, Finland: University of Helsinki, 2005.
［9］ ALI M M, SINGH V P, PARREY G N. Rupture of human skin membrane under impact of parabolodial projectile: bullet wound ballistics［J］. Defence Science Journal, 2013, 46(4): 233-236.
［10］ BIR C A, RESSLAR M, STEWART S. Skin penetration surrogate for the evaluation of less lethal kinetic energy munitions［J］. Forensic Science International, 2012, 220(1/2/3): 126-129.
［11］ BIR C A, STEWART S J, WILHELM M. Skin penetration assessment of less lethal kinetic energy munitions［J］. Journal of Forensic Science, 2005, 50(6): 1426-1429.
［12］ THALI M J, KNEUBUEHL B P, DIRNHOFER R. A “skin-skull-brain model” for the biomechanical reconstruction of blunt forces to the human head［J］. Forensic Science International, 2002, 125(2/3): 195-200.
［13］ DAS R, COLLINS A, VERMA A, et al. Evaluating simulant materials for understanding cranial backspatter from a ballistic projectile［J］. Journal of Forensic Science, 2015, 60(3): 627-637.
［14］ Skin penetration assessment of non-lethal projectiles: AEP-94［S］. Brussels, Belgium: NATO Standardization Agency, 2013.
［15］ ANCTIL B. Kinetic energy non-lethal weapons testing methodology: skin penetration assessment: DRDC-RDDC-2016-C300［R］. Ottawa，Canada: Defence Research and Development Canada, 2013.
［16］苏丽丽, 石雅琳, 韦永继. TODI型热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的制备与性能研究［J］. 化学推进剂与高分子材料, 2011, 9(6): 82-84,88.
SU L L, SHI Y L, WEI Y J. Studies on preparation and properties of TODI-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer［J］. Chemical Propellants & Polymeric Materials, 2011, 9(6):82-84, 88. (in Chinese)
［17］韦永继, 苏丽丽, 石雅琳, 等. PPDI 型热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的制备与性能研究［J］. 化学推进剂与高分子材料, 2011, 9(6): 69-72.
WEI Y J, SU L L, SHI Y L, et al. Study on preparation and properties of TODI-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer［J］. Chemical Propellants & Polymeric Materials, 2011, 9(6): 69-72. (in Chinese)
［18］枪用防暴橡皮弹检验验收规则: GJB 4380—2002［S］. 北京:中国人民解放军总装备部, 2002.
Inspection acceptance regulation for riot control cartridge of rubber bullet: GJB 4380—2002［S］. Beijing: General Equipment Department of PLA, 2002. (in Chinese)
［19］防暴动能弹威力标准:GJB/Z 20262—95［S］. 北京:中国人民解放军总参谋部, 1995.
Power standards for riot control kinetic energy ammunitions: GJB/Z 20262—95［S］. Beijing: General Staff Department of PLA, 1995. (in Chinese)
［20］覃彬, 王建民, 熊漫漫, 等. 非致命动能弹对目标作用的钝击水波效应与致伤机制研究［J］. 北京理工大学学报，2017, 37(增刊2): 132-136.
QIN B, WANG J M, XIONG M M, et al. Research on water wave effect and injury mechanics for kinetic less-lethal bullet impacting target［J］ Transaction of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2017, 37(S2): 132-136. (in Chinese)
［21］ XIONG M M, QIN B, WANG S, et al. Experimental impacts of less lethal rubber spheres on a skin-fat-muscle model ［J］. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2019, 67:7-14.
［22］ JIN Y X, LU H T, WU C, et al. The experimental and numerical investigation on the ballistic limit of BB-Gun pellet versus skin simulant［J］ Forensic Science International, 2019, 298: 393-397.
［23］卢天健, 徐峰. 皮肤的力学性能概述［J］. 力学进展, 2008, 38(4):393-426.
LU T J, XU F. Mechanical properties of skin: a review［J］. Advances in Mechanics. 2008, 38(4): 393-426. (in Chinese)
［24］ ANNAIDH A N, OTTENIO M, BRUYRE K, et al. Mechanical properties of excised human skin［C］∥Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of Biomechanics. Berlin,German: Springer-Verlag, 2010: 1000-1003.
［25］ OTTENIO M, TRAN D, N ANNAIDH A, et al. Strain rate and anisotropy effects on the tensile failure characteristics of human skin［J］. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2015, 41:241-250.
［26］李常胜, 黄献聪, 李焱, 等. 软体防弹衣穿透概率的分析［J］. 兵工学报, 2013, 34(1):20-24.
LI C S, HUANG X C, LI Y, et al. Study on the probability of perforation for soft body armor［J］. Acta Armamentarii, 2013, 34(1):20-24. (in Chinese)

[1]	KONG Guoqiang, WANG Kang, YU Qiubing, LI Ying, WEI Huazhen, SHAO Meng, BI Weidong, LIU Benxue, YIN Lei, SUN Xiaodong. Properties of Aerogel Modified Quartz Fiber Reinforced Silicone Wave-transparent Composites [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2022, 43(2): 442-450.
[2]	LIU Qiang, CHEN Pengwan, SU Jianjun, LI Zhirong, ZHANG Yulei. Tensile Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model of SiC/polyurea Nanocomposites [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(6): 1238-1249.
[3]	LI Dongwei， MIAO Feichao， ZHANG Xiangrong， XIONG Guosong， ZHOU Lin， ZHAO Shuangshuang. Dynamic Mechanical Properties of an Insensitive DNAN-based Melt-cast Explosive [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(11): 2344-2349.
[4]	HUANG Junhao, WANG Lin, LIU Xiaopin, XU Xuefeng, LIU Anjin, Tayyeb Ali, ZHOU Zhe, NING Zixuan, YANG Jiabin, ZHANG Binbin, CHENG Xingwang. Mechanical Properties and Ballistic Performance of Ti-6321 Alloy [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(1): 124-132.
[5]	LIANG Jiaxin， WANG Yingchun， CHENG Xingwang， LI Zhuang， LI Shukui. Effect of Thermo-mechanical Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Medium Carbon Cr-Ni-W-Mo Steel [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2020, 41(9): 1904-1912.
[6]	XU Baochi， SHI Bikun， FAN Lixia， YANG Chen， FU Yunfeng, DONG Xuehua. Research on Deformation Inhomogeneity along Wall Thickness Direction of Cold Radial Forged Barrel [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2020, 41(1): 13-20.
[7]	GUO Ruiqi， REN Huiqi， ZHANG Lei， LONG Zhilin， WU Xiangyun， XU Xiangyun， LI Zebin， HUANG Kui. Research Progress of Large-diameter Split Hopkinson Bar Experimental Technique [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2019, 40(7): 1518-1536.
[8]	GAO Yubo， QIN Guohua, ZHANG Wei， YI Chenhong, DENG Yongjun. Research on Dynamic Compression Properties of TiB₂-B₄C Composite [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2019, 40(11): 2304-2310.
[9]	HANG Guiyun, YU Wenli, WANG Tao, WANG Jintao, MIAO Shuang. Molecular Dynamics Investigation on Crystal Defect of HMX/NTO Cocrystal Explosive [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2019, 40(1): 49-57.
[10]	ZENG Xi， PAN Ye， ZHANG Li， JI Shi-ming， CHEN Guo-da， HANG Wei. Analysis of Double-layer Eastic Mechanics and Machining Characteristics of Pneumatic Grinding Wheel [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2018, 39(9): 1811-1819.
[11]	LI Jun-bao, LI Wei-bing, CHENG Wei, WANG Xiao-ming, LI Wen-bin, HONG Xiao-wen. Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model of Aluminum Powder/Rubber Composites [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2018, 39(6): 1186-1194.
[12]	ZHANG Xue-hui， XIE Chen-zhen, LI Xiao-xian， LIU Wei-jiang， YANG Kai， JIANG Miao， ZHU Sheng-jian. Research on Annealing Behaviors of Al₂O₃-Dispersion Strengthened Copper [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2017, 38(11): 2220-2225.