Penetration and Perforation Mechanism of High-speed Non-circular Projectilesa: A State-of-the-Art Review

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0040

Abstract

Abstract:

To support the theoretical design of the hypersonic missile’s terminal effect and meet the development demand of penetration mechanics theory of non-circular projectiles, the penetration mechanism of non-circular projectilesis a key scientific problem required to be solved. A comprehensive review is conducted on the penetration behavior, penetration mechanism, ballistic stability, and structural response of non-circular projectiles.It is a review and summary of the existing research work, aiming to establish a basic framework for researching the penetration problem of non-circular projectiles.Moreover, the new phenomena and mechanisms introduced by the structural changes of non-circular projectiles are highlighted. Three suggestions for the future research of the non-circular projectiles are put forward for the reference of relevant researchers.

Key words: non-circular projectile, penetration mechanics, ballistic stability, structuralresponse

CLC Number:

O385

DONG Heng, HUANG Fenglei, WU Haijun, DENG Ximin, LI Meng, LIU Longlong. Penetration and Perforation Mechanism of High-speed Non-circular Projectilesa: A State-of-the-Art Review[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(9): 2863-3887.

Figures/Tables 44

Fig.1 HTV-2 hypersonic technology vehicle

Fig.2 Comparison of space utilizationofcircular(left) and non-circular(right) projectiles

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of a special shaped projectile

Fig.4 Penetration depths of equal cross-section triangular, square, and circular long rod projectiles[25]

Fig.5 Crater cross-sectional shape(up) and “mushroom head” self-sharpening effect(down) of a special shaped rod[27]

Fig.6 Diagram of a double-oval projectile[38]

Fig.7 Diagram of projectiles with asymmetrically grooved-tapered nose (left: side view, right: top view)[39]

Fig.8 Diagram of projectiles with symmetrically grooved-tapered nose (upper: the side view of the projectile, below: the partial diagram of the grooved structure)[40]

Fig.9 Toothed head projectile (left) and theMulti-point indentation stress cloud (right)[42]

Fig.10 Ribbed-head projectile (left) and its oblique penetration trajectory simulation (right) [43]

Fig.11 Diagram of a high-speed deep penetration scaled-down concept projectile (left: the cross-section of the projectile, right: the front view of the projectile)[45]

Fig.12 Projectiles with grooves in its shank[48-49]

Fig.13 Circular and elliptical cross-section projectiles and corresponding target cratering (left:C1 projectile,medial: E1 projectile,and right:E2 projectile)[52]

Fig.14 Characteristics of enlargement pattern (upper) and petal distribution (below) of aluminum target with the penetration of the elliptical projectile[53]

Fig.15 Characteristic of strain distribution of aluminum target surfaceunder the elliptical projectile penetrating[54]

Fig.16 Characteristic of nose shape coefficients and stress distribution of the elliptical projectile[55]

Fig.17 Stress modified coefficient and penetration depth of elliptical projectile[50]

Fig.18 Relationship between the depth of penetration P/d and the impact function I for elliptical projectiles

Fig.19 Comparison of elliptical cavity reaming patterns under hydrostatic pressure/equal scale displacement boundary conditions[52]

Fig.20 Potential function and stream function for planar spinless flow

Fig.21 Normal stress distribution around the cavity[73]

Fig.22 Shear stress distribution around the cavity[73]

Fig.23 Distribution of normal and shear stresses around the cavity[73]

Fig.24 Comparison of three types of elliptical cavity dimensionless resistance models[73]

Fig.25 Deformation and damage patterns of 945 plate target under perforation of the low velocity projectiles[75]

Fig.26 Transverse deformation and radius of plastic deformation zone of 921 target plate at different initial velocities[77]

Fig.27 Perforation process of asymmetric elliptical projectiles[57]

Fig.28 Location of the load action when the projectile penetrates a finite thickness target at high velocity[77]

Fig.29 Distribution of velocitiesin targetat different moments of the head penetration phase[79]

Fig.30 Energy method and differential surface force method[73]

Fig.31 Schematic structure and ballistic characterization of cylindrical, conical and grooved projectiles[93]

Fig.32 Load characteristics of circular and elliptical cross-section projectiles[94]

Fig.33 Parameters of projectile motion under the action of the roll angle(a/b=2.0,θ=30°,ψ=-30°)[94]

Fig.34 Schematic of an asymmetric elliptical cross-section projectile[99]

Fig.35 Ballistic trajectory of an asymmetric elliptical cross-sectional projectile penetrating into concrete target[100]

Fig.36 Armor-piercing process of CC/EC/AC projectiles and the variation of those attitude angles[101]

Fig.37 Typical damage patterns of projectiles under normal impact

Fig.38 Deformation pattern of the projectile subjected to impact loading at the free end[111]

Fig.39 Experimental and numerical simulation of oblique penetration of elliptical projectiles perforation a double-layer thin steel target[113]

Fig.40 Distribution of internal stresses in theprojectilesubjected to impact loading at any cross-section along its span (before the appearance of plastic hinge)[113]

Fig.41 Structural optimization methods for elliptical cross-sectional projectile[115]

Fig.42 Typical points of stresses on the surface of the projectile cavity[52]

Fig.43 Equivalent stress curve of typical cavity projectiles[52]

Fig.44 Free-beam bidirectional bending diagram of elliptical projectile

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