A Review of Research Advances in Personnel Vulnerability Analysis and Application

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0094

Abstract

Abstract:

Personnel is the core element in the battlefield, and is one of the most vulnerable and complex objects.The personnel vulnerability research involves the mechanics, mathematics, statistics, medicine, biology and other disciplines, which is difficult to study, but it is of great value to carry out the assessment of lethal efficacy, protective efficacy, and rescue of battle wounds. By summarizing the literatures on vulnerability analysis of different targets, this paper proposes that damage score and kill criteria are two important links in personnel vulnerability analysis. Based on this, the current research status of personnel damage scoring is reviewed. Four commonly-used scoring methods, including abbreviated injury scale (AIS), injury severity score (ISS), adjusted severity of injury index(ASII) and military combat injury scale(MCIS), and their applications are introduced, and the research dynamics, assessment models, and kill criteria of the four main killing elements (shock wave, projectile, shock vibration, and heat) on the damage of unprotected personnel in typical battlefield environments are presented. On this basis, the application technology of personnel vulnerability analysis based on digitalization mannequins is analyzed, the main application scenarios of vulnerability analysis results are discussed, and the possible major development directions in this field are analyzed. This paper can provide an important reference for the research of personnel vulnerability.

Key words: battlefield personnel, vulnerability, trauma score, injury criteria, casualty prediction

CLC Number:

TJ012.4
TJ41

FAN Zhuangqing, ZHANG Shuangbo, LU Fangyun, LI Tonghua, KANG Jianyi, YANG Guangming, WANG Jianmin. A Review of Research Advances in Personnel Vulnerability Analysis and Application[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(9): 2888-2905.

Figures/Tables 28

References 62

[1]	张克钒, 卢芳云. 美军目标易损性研究发展历程分析[J]. 国防科技, 2022, 43(2):66-74.
	ZHANG K F, LU F Y. Development of target vulnerability research by the U.S. military[J]. National Defense Technology, 2022, 43(2):66-74. (in Chinese)
[2]	LOMAZZI L, CADINI F, GIGLIO M, et al. Vulnerability assessment to projectiles: approach definition and application to helicopter platforms[J]. Defense Technology, 2022, 18(9): 1523-1537.
[3]	陈荣, 卿华, 任柯融, 等. 美军飞机易损性实弹测试现状及启示[J]. 国防科技, 2021, 42(2):36-41.
	CHEN R, QING H, REN K R, et al. Progress on live fire tests and assessment of aircraft vulnerability in the US armed forces[J]. National Deferense Technology, 2021, 42(2):36-41. (in Chinese)
[4]	梁振刚, 王鑫, 赵书超, 等. 装甲车辆目标易损性模型快速建模技术[J]. 弹箭与制导学报, 2020, 40(1):105-109.
	LIANG Z G, WANG X, ZHAO S C, et al. Rapid modeling technique for target vulnerability model of armored vehicle[J]. Journal of Projectiles,Rockets,Missiles and Guidance, 2020, 40(1):105-109. (in Chinese)
[5]	STARKS M W. Improved metrics for personnel vulnerability analysis[R]. Harford County, MD, US: Ballistic Research Laboratory, 1991.
[6]	DEITZ P H, HARRIS B A, SHEEHAN J H, et al. A general framework and methodology for analyzing weapon systems effectiveness[R]. Aberdeen Proving Ground,MD, US: US Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity, 2001.
[7]	卢芳云, 李翔宇, 田占东, 等. 武器毁伤与评估[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2021.
	LU F Y, LI X Y, TIAN Z D, et al. Weapon damage and assessment[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2021. (in Chinese)
[63]	EIBAND A M. Human tolerance to rapidly applied acceleration[R]. Washington,D.C., US:NASA Memorandum5-19-59E, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1959.
[64]	李曙光, 凌峰, 付祥林, 等. 扫雷防护装具的研制[J]. 医疗卫生装备, 2003(10):5-7.
	LI S G, LING F, FU X L, et al. Development of the mine sweeping protective outfit[J]. Chinese Medical Equipment Journal, 2003(10):5-7. (in Chinese)
[65]	黄建松, 华宏星, 沈荣嬴. 舰船冲击运动引起人员损伤评估方法研究综述[J]. 振动与冲击, 2008, 27(5): 60-63.
	HUANG J S, HUA H X, SHEN R Y. Injury assessment functions for human under ship shock motions[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2008, 27(5): 60-63. (in Chinese)
[66]	徐志鹏, 孙喜庆. 高G作用下飞行员脊柱的损伤及其防护[J]. 中华航空航天医学杂志, 2004(4): 251-254.
	XU Z P, SUN X Q. High-G overload related spinal injuries and its protection in pilots[J]. Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 2004(4): 251-254. (in Chinese)
[67]	GJB 4234—2001.人体坐姿着陆冲击安全限值[S]. 北京: 中国人民解放军总装备部, 2001.
	GJB 4234—2001. Safety limits of landing impact on man in sitting position[S]. Beijing: General Armament Department of the Chinese PLA, 2001. (in Chinese)
[68]	GJB 2689—96.水面舰艇冲击对人体作用安全限值[S]. 北京: 国防科学技术工业委员会, 1996.
	GJB 2689—96.Safety limits for the effects of surface ship shock on man[S]. Beijing: Commission of Science Technology and Industry of National Defense, 1996. (in Chinese)
[69]	STECH E L, PAYNE P R. Dynamic models of the human body[R]. Englewood, CO, US: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, 1969.
[70]	杨宗城, 黎鳌. 我军烧伤研究的主要进展[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 1991(4):274-277.
[8]	卢芳云, 彭永, 张克钒, 等. 目标易损性分析—共性技术[M]. 长沙: 国防科技大学出版社, 2023.
	LU F Y, PENG Y, ZHANG K F, et al. Target vulnerability analysis-Generic technology[M]. Changsha: National University of Defense Technology Press, 2023. (in Chinese)
[9]	张金洋. 面向损伤评估的数字化人体建模研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2016.
	ZHANG J Y. Research on digital human modeling for damage assessment[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2016. (in Chinese)
[10]	GEORGE S, MARTIN L, GEORGIOS V, et al. A survey of computational models for blast induced human injuries for security and defense applications[R]. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020.
[11]	汪华侨. 功能解剖学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2008.
	WANG H Q. Functional anatomy[M]. Beijing: The Peoples Medical Publishing House, 2008. (in Chinese)
[12]	HAZELL G A, PEARCE A P, HEPPER A E, et al. Injury scoring systems for blast injuries: a narrative review[J]. British Journal of Anesthesia, 2022, 128(2):e127-e134.
[13]	KIM Y J. Injury severity scoring systems: a review of application to practice[J]. Nursing in Critical Care, 2012, 17(3):138-150.
[14]	SWAN K G. War surgery:working with limited resources in armed conflict and other situations of violence Volume 1[M]. International Committee of the Red Cross, 2009.
[15]	周继红. 量化评估创伤严重程度的标尺—创伤评分[J]. 伤害医学(电子版), 2014, 3(4):1-2.
	ZHOU J H. Quantitative evaluation of trauma severity scale—trauma score[J]. Injury Medicine (Electronic Edition), 2014, 3(4):1-2. (in Chinese)
[16]	周继红. 创伤评分学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2018.
[70]	YANG Z C, LI A. The main progress of burn research in our army[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 1991(4): 274-277. (in Chinese)
[71]	范晓明, 张学军, 夏照帆. 伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争中美军烧伤医疗后送体系和伤员烧伤特点[J]. 解放军医学杂志, 2015, 40(1): 71-74.
	FAN X M, ZHANG X J, XIA Z F. Medical evacuation system of burn casualties and characteristics of burn injuries in US Army in Iraqi War and Afghanistan War[J]. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2015, 40(1):71-74. (in Chinese)
[72]	黎鳌, 杨宗城. 国外烧伤防治研究进展近况述评[J]. 重庆医药, 1980(4):36-39,18.
	LI A, YANG Z C. Review of recent progress in burn prevention and treatment abroad[J]. Chongqing Pharmaceutical, 1980(4):36-39,18. (in Chinese)
[73]	BULL J P. Revised analysis of mortality due to burns[J]. The Lancet, 1971, 298(7734): 1133-1134.
[74]	HARDEE H C, LEE D O. A simple conduction model for skin burns resulting from exposure to chemical fireballs[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1978, 1(3):199-205.
[75]	BOSCH C J H, TWILT L, MERX W, et al. Methods for the determination of possible damage to people and objects resulting from releases of hazardous materials[M]. Voorburg,the Netherlands: The Director-General of Labour,1992.
[76]	KAUVAR D S, WOLF S E, WADE C E, et al. Burns sustained in combat explosions in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF explosion burns)[J]. Burns:Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2006, 32(7): 853-857.
[77]	黎鳌. 烧伤治疗学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1995.
	LI A. Burn therapy[M]. Beijing: People’s Health Publishing House, 1995. (in Chinese)
[78]	王杰. 某型云爆弹毁伤威力测试及评价方法研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2016.
[16]	ZHOU J H. Trauma scoreology[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2018. (in Chinese)
[17]	康建毅, 段朝霞, 张洁元, 等. 不同创伤评分系统在爆炸伤伤情评估中的比较[J]. 第三军医大学学报, 2019, 41(15):1403-1406.
	KANG J Y, DUAN Z X, ZHANG J Y, et al. Application of different trauma scoring systems for evaluation of severity of blast injuries[J]. Journal of the Third Military Medical University, 2019, 41(15): 1403-1406. (in Chinese)
[18]	刘文宝, 刘建, 陈国良, 等. 战伤分类编码系统研究[J]. 解放军医院管理杂志, 2008, 15(1):54-55.
	LIU W B, LIU J, CHEN G L, et al. Coding system to classify war wound[J]. Hospital Administration Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 2008, 15(1): 54-55. (in Chinese)
[19]	贺祯, 姜永, 武洪波. 战伤分类和四肢战伤发生发展趋势[J]. 武警医学, 2017, 28(10): 973-976.
	HE Z, JIANG Y, WU H B. Classification of war injuries and trends in the occurrence and development of limb war injuries[J]. Medical Journal of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, 2017, 28(10): 973-976. (in Chinese)
[20]	韩天民, 宋慧菊, 钟靖明, 等. 某院收治3776例战伤统计分析[J]. 西南国防医药, 2015, 25(4): 423-425.
	HAN T M, SONG H J, ZHONG J M, et al. Statistical analysis of 3776 cases of war injuries treated in a hospital[J]. Medical Journal of National Defending Forces in Southwest China, 2015, 25(4):423-425. (in Chinese)
[21]	胡鹏伟, 陈福兴, 刘晓荣, 等. 美军战伤编码研究进展[J]. 第二军医大学学报, 2017, 38(9):1196-1201.
[78]	WANG J. Research on testing and evaluating the damage power of a certain type of cloud explosive bomb[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2016. (in Chinese)
[79]	刘想炎, 黄振贵, 陈秋元, 等. 云爆弹对地面人员综合杀伤的仿真评估研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2020, 41(8):103-106.
	LIU X Y, HUANG Z G, CHEN Q Y, et al. Simulation evaluation of comprehensive killing effect of FAE on ground personnel targets[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2020, 41(8): 103-106. (in Chinese)
[80]	张慧君, 赵筱卓, 王成, 等. 223例成人严重烧伤住院患者的流行病学调查[J]. 中国医刊, 2022, 57(2):184-190.
	ZHANG H J, ZHAO X Z, WANG C, et al. Epidemiological investigation of 223 severe burn hospitalized adult patients[J]. Chinese Journal of Medicine, 2022, 57(2):184-190. (in Chinese)
[81]	STANLEY C A, BROWN M. A computer man anatomical model.AD056564[R]. MD, US: Ballistic Research Laboratory, 1978.
[82]	KNOX F S I, BONETTI D, PERRY C. User’s manual for BRNSIM/BURNSIM: a burn hazard assessment model[R]. Armstron Lab Wright Patteron AFB on Crew Systems Directorate, 1993.
[83]	LITT O P. Procedures for using the AMANDA model in acceleration response studies (Tutorial by Example)[R]. Fort Detrick, MD,US:U.S. Army Medical Research & Development Command ARL-TR-333,2004.
[84]	LITT O P. ORCA user’s manual glossary[R]. Aberdeen Proving Ground,MD, US: U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2004.
[85]	BAKER J, MURRAY E. Manipulating the geometric computer-aided design of the operational requirements-based casualty assessment model within BRL-CAD[R]. MD,US:U.S. Army Research Laboratory,2018:1-16.
[86]	张金洋. 面向损伤评估的数字化人体建模研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2016.
	ZHANG J Y. Research on digital human modeling for damage assessment[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2016. (in Chinese)
[21]	HU P W, CHEN F X, LIU X R, et al. Research process of combat injury coding of U.S. army[J]. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University, 2017, 38(9): 1196-1201. (in Chinese)
[22]	FRANKLYN C S P. Assessment of the effects and limitations of the 1998 to 2008 abbreviated injury scale map using a large population-based dataset[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 2011(1): 1-10.
[23]	BAKER S P, O’NEILL B, HADDON W J, et al. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care[J]. The Journal of Trauma, 1974, 14(3):187-196.
[24]	OSLER T, BAKER S P, LONG W. A modification of the injury severity score that both improves accuracy and simplifies scoring[J]. Journal of Trauma, 1997, 43(6):922-926.
[25]	YELVERTON J T. Pathology scoring system for blast injuries[J]. The Journal of trauma, 1996, 40(3 Suppl): S111-S115.
[26]	LAWNICK M M, CHAMPION H R, GENNARELLI T, et al. Combat injury coding: a review and reconfiguration[J]. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 2013, 75(4):573-581.
[27]	彭博, 蒯丽萍, 杜国福, 等. 基于分级救治的常规武器战伤分类及编码体系研究[J]. 人民军医, 2017, 60(4): 344-346,351.
	PENG B, KUAI L P, DU G F, et al. Research on classification and coding system of conventional weapon battle wound based on hierarchical treatment[J]. People’s Military Surgeon, 2017, 60(4): 344-346,351. (in Chinese)
[28]	CLEMEDSON C J. Blast injury[J]. Physiological Reviews, 1956, 36(3): 336-354. pmid: 13359127
[29]	BOWEN I G, FLETCHER E R, RICHMOND D R. Estimate of man’s tolerance to the direct effects of air blast[R]. NM, US: Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 1968.
[30]	BASS C R, RAFAELS K A, SALZAR R S. Pulmonary injury risk assessment for short-duration blasts[J]. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection & Critical Care, 2008, 65(3):604-615.
[87]	刘苏苏. 轻武器典型杀伤元与靶标相互作用仿真及评估研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2017.
	LIU S S. Study of simulation and assessment of theinteraction between typical small arms ammoand target[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2017. (in Chinese)
[31]	STUHMILLER J H. Biological response to blast overpressure:a summary of modeling[J]. Toxicology, 1997, 121(1):91-103.
[32]	JOHNSON D L, YELVERTON J T, HICKS W, et al. Blast overpressure studies with animals and man: niological response to complex blast waves[R]. Fort Detrick, MD, US: U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, 1993.
[33]	AXELSSON H, YELVERTON J T. Chest wall velocity as a predictor of nonauditory blast injury in a complex wave environment[J]. The Journal of Trauma, 1996, 40(3 Suppl): S31-S37.
[34]	RICHMOND D R, YELVERTON J T, FLETCHER E R. New air-blast criteria for man[R]. NM, US: Los Alamos National Lab NM Life Sciences Div, 1986.
[35]	王正国. 冲击伤[M]. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 1983.
	WANG Z G. Blast injury[M]. Beijing: People’s Military Medical Press, 1983. (in Chinese)
[36]	周杰. 爆炸冲击波作用下的人体创伤及泡沫材料对冲击波的衰减机理研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2014.
	ZHOU J. Research on mechanism of human injury and the attenuation in foam under blast wave[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2014. (in Chinese)
[37]	康建毅. 复杂冲击波的生物效应与数值模拟研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2010.
	KANG J Y. Biological effect and numerical simulation study of complex blast wave[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2010. (in Chinese)
[38]	秦俊华. 爆炸冲击波对人体创伤效应评估软件设计[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2017.
	QIN J H. Software design of safety assessment of explosive shock wave on human[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2017. (in Chinese)
[39]	GJB-5212—2004. 云爆弹定型试验规程[S]. 北京: 总装备部军标出版发行部, 2004.
	GJB-5212—2004 Specification for cloud explosion bomb sizing test[S]. Beijing: General Equipment Department Military Standard Publishing and Distribution Department, 2004. (in Chinese)
[40]	BIRCHER H. Die wirkung der artilleriegeschosse[M]. Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany: HR Sauerländer, 1899.
[41]	JOURNEE F A. Rapport entre la force vive des balles et la gravité des blessuresqu’ ellespeuvent causer, par M. Journée[M]. Paris, France: Berger-Levrault, 1907.
[42]	CALLENDER G R, FRENCH R W. Wound ballistics: studies in the mechanism of wound production by rifle bullets[J]. Military Surgeon, 1935, 77: 177-201.
[43]	ALLEN F, SPERRAZZA J. New casualty for wounding by fragments, ballistic research laboratories[R]. MD, US: Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground,1956.
[44]	SPERRAZZA J, KOKINAKIS W. Ballistic limits of tissue and clothing[J]. Annals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences, 1968, 152(1):163-167.
[45]	KNEUBUEHL B P. Wound ballistics: basics and applications[M].Berlin, Germany:Springer, 2011.
[46]	刘荫秋, 李曙光. 创伤弹道学概论[M]. 北京: 新时代出版社,1985.
	LIU Y Q, LI S G. Introduction to trauma ballistics[M]. Beijing: New Times Press, 1985. (in Chinese)
[47]	王光华, 吴志林, 赖西南, 等. 轻武器杀伤效应[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2021.
	WANG G H, WU Z L, LAI X N, et al. Terminal effects of small arms[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2021. (in Chinese)
[48]	温垚珂, 徐诚, 陈爱军, 等. 步枪弹侵彻明胶靶标的数值模拟[J]. 兵工学报, 2013, 34(1):14-19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2013.01.003
	WEN Y K, XU C, CHEN A J, et al. Numerical simulation of the penetration of bullet on gelatin target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2013, 34(1):14-19. (in Chinese)
[49]	刘坤, 吴志林, 徐万和, 等. 球形破片侵彻明胶修正力学模型[J]. 南京理工大学学报, 2012, 36(5):755-761.
	LIU K, WU Z L, XU W H, et al. Correction mechanical model of spherical fragments penetrating gelatin[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2012, 36(5):755-761. (in Chinese)
[50]	莫根林, 吴志林, 冯杰. 长方体破片侵彻明胶的运动模型与实验研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2015, 36(3):81-86.
	MO G L, WU Z L, FENG J. Theoretical and experimental study of penetration of cuboid fragments into gelatin[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2015, 36(3):81-86. (in Chinese)
[51]	刘丽. 弹道明胶的冲击与侵彻动力学研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2014.
	LIU L. Study on impact and penetration in ballistic gelatin[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2014. (in Chinese)
[52]	许川, 李兵仓. 爆炸破片伤的机制,特点及早期外科处理[J]. 创伤外科杂志, 2011, 13(1): 86-89.
	XU C, LI B C. The mechanism, characteristics and primary surgery treatment for explosive injuries[J]. Journal of Traumatic Surgery, 2011, 13(1):86-89. (in Chinese)
[53]	卢海涛, 王晓琳, 覃彬, 等. 低速钢球对人体模拟靶标作用研究[C]//中华医学会第十一届全国创伤学术会议. 北京: 中华医学会, 2017: 886-890.
	LU H T, WANG X L, QIN B, et al. Research on the effect of low-speed steel balls on human simulated targets[C]//Proceedings of the 11st National Trauma Academic Conference of the Chinese Medical Association. Beijing: National Trauma Academic Conference of the Chinese Medical Association, 2017: 886-890. (in Chinese)
[54]	张国伟. 终点效应及靶场试验[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2009.
	ZHANG G W. Terminal effect and range test[M]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press, 2009. (in Chinese)
[55]	GA/T 718—2007.枪支致伤力的法庭科学鉴定判据[S]. 北京: 中华人民共和国公安部, 2007.
	GA/T 718—2007.Ide.pngication criteria to cause casualty of firearms[S]. Beijing: Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China, 2007. (in Chinese)
[56]	GJB 2936—97.钢质自然破片对人员的杀伤判据[S]. 北京: 国防科学技术委员会, 1997.
	GJB 2936—97.Wounding criteria of natural steel fragment against personnel[S]. Beijing: National Defense Science and Technology Commission, 1997. (in Chinese)
[57]	GJBz 20450—97.小质量钢质破片对人员的杀伤判据[S]. 北京: 中国人民解放军总参谋部, 1997.
	GJBz 20450—97.Wounding criteria of the attack of personnel for small steel fragment[S]. Beijing: General Staff of the Chinese PLA, 1997. (in Chinese)
[58]	GRIFFIN, MICHAEL J, ZHOU, et al. Response of the seated human body to whole-body vertical vibration: biodynamic responses to mechanical shocks[J]. Ergonomics: The Official Publication of the Ergonomics Research Society, 2017.
[59]	HIRSCH A E. Man’s response to shock motion[R]. Washington, D.C., US: David Taylor Bassin Model, Report 1797, 1964.
[60]	YOGANANDA N, PINTAR F A, BOYNTON M, et al. Dynamic axial tolerance of the human foot-ankle complex[J]. Journal of Passenger Cars, 1996, 105(6):1887-1898.
[61]	GRIFFIN L V, HARRIS R M, HAYDA R A, et al. Loading rate and torsional moments predict pilon fractures for antipersonnel blast mine loading[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts. Isle of Man, UK: IRCOBI, 2001.
[62]	RUFF S. Brief acceleration: less than one second[M]. Washington, D.C., US: Government Printing Office, 1950.

序号	伤情描述	损伤参数				评分最大值M
序号	伤情描述	E	G	ST	SD	评分最大值M
1	外部损伤	0~6	0~5	0~3	1~4	56
2	骨折	0~5	0~4	0~3	1~2	24
3	烧伤	0~6	0~4	0~3	1~4	52
4	咽喉损伤	0~4	0~4	0~4	1~5	60
5	气管损伤	0~3	0~4	0~4	1~5	55
6	肺损伤	0~7	0~4	0~5	1~4	64
7	心脏损伤	0~4	0~4	0~4	1~4	48
8	腹部空腔脏器伤	0~8	0~5	0~3	1~3	48
9	腹部实质脏器伤	0~5	0~4	0~2	1~4	44

序号	伤情描述	损伤参数				评分最大值M
序号	伤情描述	E	G	ST	SD	评分最大值M
1	外部损伤	0~6	0~5	0~3	1~4	56
2	骨折	0~5	0~4	0~3	1~2	24
3	烧伤	0~6	0~4	0~3	1~4	52
4	咽喉损伤	0~4	0~4	0~4	1~5	60
5	气管损伤	0~3	0~4	0~4	1~5	55
6	肺损伤	0~7	0~4	0~5	1~4	64
7	心脏损伤	0~4	0~4	0~4	1~4	48
8	腹部空腔脏器伤	0~8	0~5	0~3	1~3	48
9	腹部实质脏器伤	0~5	0~4	0~2	1~4	44

第1位损伤严重度 1~5级	第2位身体区域 1~5个	第3位组织类型 0~9	第4位区域明细	第5位损伤类型
1-轻度损伤	1-头颈	1-整个区域,2-皮肤,3-肌肉、肌腱、韧带、关节,4-神经脊索,5-骨骼,6-血管,7-头部、颈胸部组织,8-腹部组织,9-骨盆组织,0-其他	与第2、3位相关的区域内具体器官(例如第3位取8时,1-肝脏)	与第2、3位相关的定义,例如1-挤压、2-撕裂、3-缺损
2-中度损伤	2-躯干
3-重度	3-上肢
4-极重	4-下肢
5-可能致死	5-多部位

第1位损伤严重度 1~5级	第2位身体区域 1~5个	第3位组织类型 0~9	第4位区域明细	第5位损伤类型
1-轻度损伤	1-头颈	1-整个区域,2-皮肤,3-肌肉、肌腱、韧带、关节,4-神经脊索,5-骨骼,6-血管,7-头部、颈胸部组织,8-腹部组织,9-骨盆组织,0-其他	与第2、3位相关的区域内具体器官(例如第3位取8时,1-肝脏)	与第2、3位相关的定义,例如1-挤压、2-撕裂、3-缺损
2-中度损伤	2-躯干
3-重度	3-上肢
4-极重	4-下肢
5-可能致死	5-多部位

编码	部位/描述(头颈部-整体)
51111	头部挤压伤
51112	头部离断
51113	颅骨缺失、颅内容物脱出
41121	面部穿透伤或爆炸伤,伤及单眼或双眼,未伤及气道
51124	面部穿透伤或爆炸伤,伤及单眼或双眼,伤及气道
41122	穿透伤或爆炸伤,造成口、面部骨骼、软组织破坏, 未伤及气道
51123	穿透伤或爆炸伤,造成口、面部骨骼、软组织破坏, 伤及气道
编码	部位/描述(头颈部-皮肤)
11203	头、颈部开放性伤口
21204	头、面、颈部开放性伤口,深及肌肉/失去通信-无工作能力