陶瓷/纤维防弹板在多发冲击下能量耗散和损伤评估

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0807

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

陶瓷/纤维防弹板广泛应用于单兵防护装备,研究其抗多发冲击性能对于减少士兵伤亡有重要意义。以Al₂O₃/超高分子量聚乙烯拼接防弹板为研究对象,针对弹着点不同位置开展了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行对比分析,验证数值模拟结果的可靠性。基于陶瓷和纤维破坏结果得出防弹板吸能与损伤特征的关系,有效计算下一次冲击的穿透概率。研究结果表明:第1发弹着点位于陶瓷片中心、两片接缝或四角拼接时,防弹板的破坏模式大致相同,接缝处陶瓷层抗冲击性能降低;第1发弹着点位于陶瓷片中心时,第2发子弹在两片接缝处穿透防弹板;随着两发弹着点距离越近陶瓷层吸收的能量越少,纤维层吸收能量越多;两发弹着点位于平行相隔和对角相隔时,中间陶瓷片未产生宏观破坏;当第1发弹着点位于陶瓷片中心时,第2次冲击的穿透概率为1.04%;当前第1发弹着点位于陶瓷片中心时,第2次冲击分别位于水平相邻中心、四角拼接、对角相邻中心时,第3次冲击防弹板穿透概率分别为5.45%、7.35%、5.05%;该方法可快速评估受损装备的抗多发侵彻能。

关键词: 陶瓷/纤维防弹板, 弹着点, 多发冲击, 能量耗散, 损伤评估

Abstract:

The ceramic/fiber composite ballistic plates are widely used in personal protection equipment. Studying the performance of ballistic plate subjected to multi-impacts is of great significance for reducing the number of casualties in the battlefield.This paper investigates the Al₂O₃/UHMWPE composite ballistic plate,focusing on numerical simulations conducted for various bullet impact points.The reliability of the simulated results is validated by comparing with the experimental results.The relationship between the energy absorption and damage characteristics of the ballistic plate is derived from the ceramic and fiber damage results,and the penetration probability of the next impact is effectively calculated.The results indicate that the damage patterns of ballistic plates are roughly the same and the impact resistance of ceramic layer at the joint decreases.when the impact point of the first bullet is located at the center of a ceramic plate,within the gap between two plates,or at the gap of quadrilateral jointing.Specifically,when the impact point of the first bullet is located at the center of ceramic plate,the subsequent bullets tend to penetrate through the gap between adjacent plates.As the proximity between successive impacts decreases,the energy absorption by the ceramic layer diminishes while the energy absorbed by the fiber layer increases.When two impact points are located parallelly and diagonally apart,the middle ceramic plate does not suffer macroscopic damage due to the joint structure.When the first impact point is in the center of the ceramic plate,the penetration probability of the second impact is 1.04%.When the first impact point is in the center of the ceramic plate,and the second impact point is in the horizontal adjacent center,the four corners of the gap,or the diagonal adjacent center,the penetration probability of the third impact on the ballistic plate is 5.45%,7.35%,and 5.05%,respectively.This method can be used to quickly evaluate the resistance of damaged equipment to multiple penetrations.

Key words: ceramic/fiber ballistic plate, impact point, multi-impacts, energy dissipation, damage assessment

中图分类号:

TJ04
TJ410

霍子怡, 何成龙, 贾松, 杨可谞, 毛翔, 黄治镡, 蒲彦蓉. 陶瓷/纤维防弹板在多发冲击下能量耗散和损伤评估[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(9): 240807-.

HUO Ziyi, HE Chenglong, JIA Song, YANG Kexu, MAO Xiang, HUANG Zhixin, PU Yanrong. Energy Dissipation and Damage Assessment of Ceramic/fiber Ballistic Plate under Multi-impacts[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(9): 240807-.

图/表 29

图1 拼接防弹板结构

Fig.1 Mosaic ballistic plate structure

图2 实验布置示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of experimental layout

图3 弹着点位置示意图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the locations of impact points

图4 防弹板损伤形态

Fig.4 Target plate damage morphology

表1 子弹侵彻防弹板实验结果

Table 1 Experimental results of ballistic plates

序号	实验工况	速度/(m·s^-1)	防弹板被侵彻深度/mm
1	单发子弹	806.5	20.0
2	单发子弹	807.5	20.1
3	第1发子弹	806.2	20.2
3	第2发子弹	802.0	21.1
4	第1发子弹	803.0	20.0
4	第2发子弹	807.5	21.0
5	第1发子弹	805.3	20.5
5	第2发子弹	805.1	21.5

图5 网格尺寸对计算耗时及偏差影响

Fig.5 Effect of the size of the mesh on calculation time and deviation

图6 有限元模型及网格划分

Fig.6 Finite element model and meshing

表2 Al2O3材料模型参数[23]

Table 2 Al2O3 ceramic material parameters [23]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(g·cm^-3)	3.8	T/MPa	262
G/GPa	263	p_HEL/MPa	1460
A	0.93	D₁	0.05
B	0.31	D₂	1
C	0.007	K₁/GPa	193
M	0.6	K₂/GPa	424
N₁	0.64	K₃/GPa	436

表3 7.62mm子弹材料参数[24]

Table 3 Material parameters for type 7.62mm bullet [24]

材料	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	E/GPa	G/GPa	ν	A₁/MPa	B₁/MPa	n	C₁	$ε · 0$ /s^-1
子弹钢芯	7850	206	80	0.3	1900	1100	0.065	0.05	1×10^-4
子弹铜皮	8960	124	46	0.34	90	292	0.31	0.025	1
材料	T_r/K	T_m/K	m	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
子弹钢芯	300	1800	1	0.2
子弹铜皮	300	1356	1.09	0.54	4.89	-3.03	0.014	1.12

表3 7.62mm子弹材料参数[24]

Table 3 Material parameters for type 7.62mm bullet [24]

材料	ρ/(kg·m^-3)	E/GPa	G/GPa	ν	A₁/MPa	B₁/MPa	n	C₁	$ε · 0$ /s^-1
子弹钢芯	7850	206	80	0.3	1900	1100	0.065	0.05	1×10^-4
子弹铜皮	8960	124	46	0.34	90	292	0.31	0.025	1
材料	T_r/K	T_m/K	m	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅
子弹钢芯	300	1800	1	0.2
子弹铜皮	300	1356	1.09	0.54	4.89	-3.03	0.014	1.12

表4 UHMWPE材料参数[25]

Table 4 Material parameters of UHMWPE fiber laminates [25]

参数	数值	参数	数值
ρ/(kg·m^-3)	960	G₂₃/GPa	3.6
E₁/GPa	153	X_t/MPa	2537
E₂/GPa	153	X_c/MPa	1580
E₃/GPa	113	Y_t/MPa	2537
ν₁₂	0.3	Y_c/MPa	1580
ν₁₃	0.3	Z_t/MPa	340
ν₂₃	0.4	Z_c/MPa	180
G₁₂/GPa	6	S_C/MPa	130
G₁₃/GPa	6	S_T/MPa	130

表5 Cohesive 单元材料参数[26]

Table 5 Material parameters of Cohesive elements[26]

参数	数值
K/(MPa·mm^-1)	10⁶
N_n/MPa	30
S_s/MPa	80
T_t/MPa	80
G_I/(kJ·mm^-2)	0.31
G_II/(kJ·mm^-2)	0.63
G_III/(kJ·mm^-2)	0.63

图7 单发子弹冲击防弹板Mises应力传播云图

Fig.7 Mises stress propagation contour of a bullet impacting a target plate

图8 单发子弹冲击防弹板能量-时间

Fig.8 Energy-time curve of a bullet impacting the target

图9 单发子弹冲击防弹板陶瓷碎裂形态

Fig.9 Ceramic fragmentation morphology of single-impact target plate

图10 单发子弹冲击防弹板实验-数值模拟结果对比

Fig.10 Comparison of experimental and numerically simulated results of a single bullet impacting the target plate

图11 两发子弹平行相隔防弹板陶瓷碎裂形态

Fig.11 The ceramic fragmentation forms of target plate impacted by the two bullets being parallel to each other

图12 两发子弹对角相隔防弹板陶瓷碎裂形态

Fig.12 The ceramic fragmentation forms of target plate impacted by two bullets being diagonally apart

图13 两发子弹异列冲击防弹板陶瓷数值模拟结果

Fig.13 Numerically simulated results of two bullets impacting the target plate

图14 第两发子弹侵彻防弹板能量-时间

Fig.14 Energy-time curves of the second and third bullets penetrating the ballistic plate

图15 两次冲击下防弹板内部破坏形态

Fig.15 Internal failure patterns of ballistic plate under two impacts

表6 实验与数值模拟结果对比

Table 6 Comparison of experimental and numerically simulated results

弹着点位置	弹着点序号	陶瓷锥截面面积/mm²			侵彻深度/mm			弹坑直径/mm
弹着点位置	弹着点序号	实验结果	模拟结果	误差/%	实验结果	模拟结果	误差/%	实验结果	模拟结果	误差/%
两发位于相同列	1	343	324	5.54	11.0	10.4	5.45	22.4	22.0	1.79
两发位于相同列	2	345	325	5.80	11.1	10.8	2.70	23.0	22.0	4.35
两发位于相邻列	1	340	326	4.12	11.0	10.7	2.73	22.5	21.7	3.56
两发位于相邻列	2	346	327	5.49	11.3	10.7	5.30	22.6	22.0	2.65

图16 弹着点位置示意图

Fig.16 Schematic diagram of the position of impact point

图17 单发子弹冲击防弹板不同位置模拟结果

Fig.17 Simulated results of a single bullet impacting the ballistic plate at different positions

图18 两发子弹冲击防弹板不同位置模拟结果

Fig.18 Simulated results of two bullets impacting the ballistic plate at different positions

图19 Al2O3/UHMWPE板材料破坏定义示意图

Fig.19 Definition of material damage of Al2O3/UHMWPE plate

图20 侵彻防弹板过程中动能-材料相对破碎深度关系

Fig.20 Relationship between the kinetic energy of ballostic plate and the material relative crushing depth during penetration process

图21 Al2O3/UHMWPE板投影损伤程度分布

Fig.21 Projection damage distribution of Al2O3/UHMWPE plates

表7 第2发子弹穿透Al2O3/UHMWPE板概率

Table 7 Probability of the second bullet penetrating into the Al2O3/UHMWPE plate %

参数	数值
击中损伤区域概率	4.55
损伤区域内穿透概率	22.78
整体穿板概率	1.04

表8 第3发子弹穿透Al2O3/UHMWPE板概率

Table 8 Probability of the third bullet penetrating into the Al2O3/UHMWPE plate %

参数	第3发弹着点位置
参数	O₁	O₂	O₃	O₄
击中损伤区域概率		9.35	11.88	8.70
穿透损伤区域概率		58.29	61.89	58.04
整体穿板概率	100	5.45	7.35	5.05

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