活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板爆裂毁伤行为研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0521

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板爆裂毁伤机理,开展活性弹丸冲击陶瓷靶板弹道碰撞实验,得到不同撞击速度下活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板的爆裂毁伤行为及靶板碎片云飞散特性。基于一维应力波理论、活性材料激活假设,分析活性弹丸冲击激活行为。结合伯努利公式建立活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板爆裂毁伤行为分析模型。综合实验及理论对不同速度下活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板的爆裂毁伤行为进行讨论,从靶板毁伤模式、弹丸激活特性、靶后碎片云飞散特性等方面开展深入分析。分析结果表明:爆燃反应对活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板的作用行为影响显著;随着速度的增大,活性弹丸爆燃反应更加剧烈,对靶板毁伤效应增强,陶瓷靶板毁伤程度不断加剧,毁伤模式从整体开裂到中心开坑四周辐射,随后演化为爆裂破碎;随着速度的增大,冲击形成陶瓷锥质量不断增大,陶瓷碎片飞散速度先增大后减小,靶后碎片云形态呈现由类截椭圆到梭镖状的变化趋势。

关键词: 活性弹丸, 弹道碰撞试验, 陶瓷材料, 爆裂毁伤行为, 碎片云

Abstract:

The blasting damage mechanism of reactive projectile penetrating into a ceramic target is studied through the ballistic impact experiment. The blasting damage behaviors of reactive projectile penetrating into the ceramic target at different impact velocities and the dispersion characteristics of debris cloud are obtained from the experimen. Based on the one-dimensional stress wave theory and the activation hypothesis of reactive material,the impact initiation behavior of reactive projectile is analyzed. Furthermore,a theoretical model describing the blasting damage behavior of reactive projectile penetrating into the ceramic target is developed by combining the Bernoulli formula. The blasting damage behavior of reactive projectile penetrating into the ceramic target at different velocities are discussed based on experiment and theoretical model. The damage pattern of target,the initiation characteristics of projectile and the dispersion characteristics of debris cloud are analyzed. The results show that the deflagration reaction has a significant effect on the blasting damage behavior of the reactive projectile penetrating into the ceramic target. With the increase of impact velocity,the deflagration reaction of reactive projectile gets more intense,therefore enhancing the damage effect on the target and continuously intensifying the damage degree of ceramic target. The damage pattern of ceramic target evolves from the overall cracking to the global cracking around the central invasion hole,and gradually to the blasting fragmentation. As the impact velocity increases,the mass of the ceramic cone formed by the impact increases continuously. The dispersion velocity of ceramic debris increases first and then decreases. The morphological characteristics of debris cloud behind the target shows a trend of changing from the truncated ellipse to the dart-like shape.

Key words: reactive projectile, ballistic impact experiment, ceramic material, blasting damage behavior, debris cloud

中图分类号:

TJ410.3

刘澳昕, 张甲浩, 周晟, 李沛豫, 陈鹏万, 刘睿, 王海福. 活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板爆裂毁伤行为研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(6): 240521-.

LIU Aoxin, ZHANG Jiahao, ZHOU Sheng, LI Peiyu, CHEN Pengwan, LIU Rui, WANG Haifu. Research on Blasting Damage Behavior of Reactive Projectile Penetrating into Ceramic Target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(6): 240521-.

图/表 20

图1 活性弹丸

Fig.1 Reactive projectile

表1 弹靶力学性能

Table 1 Mechanical properties of projectile and target

材料	密度/ (kg·m^-3)	屈服强度/ GPa	弹性模量/ GPa	维氏硬度/ GPa
Al₂O₃	3900	1.3	360	19.3
活性弹丸	7800	0.0165

图2 实验测试系统

Fig.2 Experimental test setup

图3 活性弹丸以不同速度撞击陶瓷靶板毁伤情况

Fig.3 Damages of ceramic plates caused by reactive projectile at different impact velocities

表2 实验结果

Table 2 Experimental results

序号	速度/ (m·s^-1)	毁伤模式	开坑尺寸/mm		裂纹数目
序号	速度/ (m·s^-1)	毁伤模式	正面	背面	裂纹数目
1	137	整体开裂			6
2	234	中心开坑	35×50	58×65	10
3	312	爆裂破碎			10

图4 重复性实验结果及误差分析

Fig.4 Repeatability experimental results and error analysis

图5 惰性弹丸以400m/s速度撞击不同厚度陶瓷靶板毁伤情况[25]

Fig.5 Damages of ceramic plates with different target thicknesses caused by inert projectile at 400m/s impact velocity[25]

表3 对照实验结果

Table 3 Controlled experimental results

序号	靶板厚度/ mm	毁伤模式	开坑尺寸/mm		裂纹数目
序号	靶板厚度/ mm	毁伤模式	正面	背面	裂纹数目
1	12	整体开裂	ϕ6	40×46	4
2	10	整体开裂	ϕ6	41×45	6
3	8	中心开坑	14×15	45×47	9
4	5	中心开坑	29×42	46×47	7

图6 活性弹丸以不同速度撞击陶瓷靶板典型高速摄影帧

Fig.6 Typical high-velocity photographic frame of reactive projectile impacting on ceramic plates at different velocities

图7 活性弹丸以不同速度撞击陶瓷靶板靶后碎片云轮廓

Fig.7 Morphology of debris cloud after reactive projectile impacting on ceramic plates at different velocities

表4 碎片云轮廓扩展情况

Table 4 Expansion of debris cloud profile

速度	撞击速度/(m·s^-1)		提高率/%
速度	234	312	33.3
平均径向扩展速度/(m·s^-1)	17.2	30.7	78.5
平均轴向扩展速度/(m·s^-1)	73.2	122.4	67.2

图8 活性弹丸撞击陶瓷靶板作用过程

Fig.8 Typical process of reactive projectile impacting on ceramic plates

图9 不同撞击速度下活性弹丸冲击激活长度及弛豫时间

Fig.9 Impact initiation length and relaxation time of reactive projectile at different impact velocities

表5 不同撞击速度下活性弹丸化学能释放情况

Table 5 Chemical energy release of reactive projectile at different impact velocities

撞击速度/(m·s^-1)	超压/MPa	化学能释能量/J	化学能释放率/%
715	0.05	3375	19.58
910	0.12	8100	46.99
1108	0.16	10800	62.65
1302	0.19	12825	74.40
1516	0.20	13500	78.32

图10 作用于陶瓷锥化学能在释放化学能中占比情况

Fig.10 Proportion of chemical energy acting on the ceramic cone in the released chemical energy

图11 活性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板典型速度变化过程

Fig.11 Typical velocity change process of reactive projectile penetrating into ceramic target

图12 惰性弹丸侵彻陶瓷靶板典型速度变化过程

Fig.12 Typical velocity change process of inert projectile penetrating into ceramic target

图13 不同撞击速度下陶瓷锥速度、陶瓷碎片飞散速度及陶瓷锥质量变化情况

Fig.13 Changes in the mass and velocity of ceramic cone and the dispersion velocity of ceramic debris at different impacting velocities

图14 活性弹丸以不同速度撞击陶瓷靶板靶后碎片云轮廓

Fig.14 Morphology of debris cloud after reactive projectile impacting on ceramic plates at different velocities

表6 碎片云扩展理论与实验对照情况

Table 6 Comparison between theoretical and experimental debris cloud expansions

序号	速度/ (m·s^-1)	平均径向扩展速度/ (m·s^-1)			平均轴向扩展速度/ (m·s^-1)
序号	速度/ (m·s^-1)	理论值	实验值	误差/%	理论值	实验值	误差/%
1	234	18.0	17.2	4.7	79.4	73.2	8.5
2	312	32.8	30.7	6.8	134.4	122.4	9.8

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