HAN基电控凝胶推进剂的流变及点火燃烧特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0609

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 凝胶推进剂具有燃烧可控、易贮存和安全性好等优点,在空间微推进技术中具有良好的应用前景。为了有效改善凝胶推进剂管道运输效率和研究凝胶推进剂的点火和燃烧性能的影响因素,分别采用旋转流变仪和自主搭建的电化学燃烧诊断系统对硝酸羟胺(Hydroxylamine Nitrate,HAN)基电控凝胶推进剂的流变特性、点火和燃烧特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:增加剪切力和提高环境温度,推进剂黏度显著降低;当凝胶推进剂受到的剪切作用较大时,其损耗模量会超过储能模量占据主导地位,推进剂开始由固体转变为流体;撤掉剪切力后,凝胶推进剂的黏度迅速升高,凸显固体特性;在本实验所采用的电极材料中,适合HAN基电控凝胶推进剂点火的电极材料为Mo电极,常温25℃下,当电压为250V 时其点火延迟低至0.3s,体积燃速达到0.21mL/s;另一方面,温度对凝胶推进剂的点火延迟有显著影响,在175V电压下,随着温度的升高,其点火延迟时间从5.3s降低至1.5s,但是对凝胶推进剂的体积燃速无明显影响。结合热电偶测温技术,测得HAN基电控凝胶推进剂的稳定燃烧的火焰温度分布在1200~1400K之间。

关键词: 电控凝胶推进剂, 硝酸羟胺, 流变特性, 电点火, 燃烧特性

Abstract:

Gel propellant has the advantages of controllable combustion,easy to storage and good safety,which has potential application prospects in space micro-propulsion technology.Thus,in order to effectively improve the pipeline transportation efficiency of gel propellant and study the factors affecting its ignition and combustion characteristics,the rheological properties and the ignition and combustion characteristics of hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN)-based electronically controlled gel propellant are experimentally studied by using a rotary rheometer and an electro-chemical combustion diagnostic system.The results show that the viscosity of gel propellant can be dramatically declined by increasing the shear force and rising the temperature.When the gel propellant is subjected to a significant shear force,its loss modulus is more dominant than the storage modulus under external shear,and it begins to change from a solid to a fluid.The viscosity of gel propellant will increase rapidly when the external shear action disappears,which highlights the solid properties.In this experiment,the most suitable electrode material for HAN-based electrically controlled gel propellant is Mo electrode,which has the lowest ignition delaytime of 0.3s and the fastest volumetric burning rate of 0.21mL/s at 250V (25℃).On the other hand,the temperature has a significant effect on the ignition delay of gel propellant.The ignition delaytime of gel propellant decreases from 5.3s to 1.5s with the rise on temperature at 175V.But the temperature has no obvious effect on the volumetric burning rate.Combining with R-type thermocouple,the flame temperature distribution of gel propellant measured based on the thermocouple temperature measurement technology is in the range of 1200-1400K.

Key words: electrically controlled gel propellant, hydroxylamine nitrate, rheological behavior, electric ignition, combustion characteristics

李春天, 王之栋, 李濂, 王志文, 张千翼, 刘海庆, 方普懿行, 沈瑞琪, 张伟. HAN基电控凝胶推进剂的流变及点火燃烧特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(7): 240609-.

LI Chuntian, WANG Zhidong, LI Lian, WANG Zhiwen, ZHANG Qianyi, LIU Haiqing, FANG PU Yixing, SHEN Ruiqi, ZHANG Wei. Study of Rheological Properties and Factors Influencing the Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of HAN-based Electrically Controlled Gel Propellant[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(7): 240609-.

图/表 11

图1 HAN基电控凝胶推进剂配方性能的理论计算

Fig.1 Theoretical calculation of the properties of HAN-based electrically controlled gel propellant formulations

表1 HAN基凝胶推进剂的配方

Table 1 Formulation composition of HAN-based gel propellant

组分	HAN溶液	高氯酸锂	甘油	黄原胶
含量/%	65.3	4.9	25.6	4.2

表2 HAN基凝胶推进剂的理论燃烧产物

Table 2 Theoretical combustion products of HAN-based gel propellant

产物	H₂O	CO₂	CO	N₂	H₂	HCl	LiOH
含量/%	43.7	14.2	15.3	17.2	8.9	0.3	0.4

图2 燃烧诊断系统

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of combustion diagnosis system

图3 计算点火延迟的信号图

Fig.3 Signal diagram for calculating the ignition delay

图4 HAN基电控凝胶推进剂的流变曲线

Fig.4 Rheological characteristics of HAN-based electrically controlled gel propellant

表3 不同温度下凝胶推进剂的幂律方程

Table 3 Power law equations of gel propellants at different temperatures

温度/℃	方程	n	R²
25	η=180.67 $γ · - 0.33$	0.67	0.999
45	η=173.78 $γ · - 0.26$	0.74	0.999
65	η=152.43 $γ · - 0.15$	0.85	0.999

表3 不同温度下凝胶推进剂的幂律方程

Table 3 Power law equations of gel propellants at different temperatures

温度/℃	方程	n	R²
25	η=180.67 $γ · - 0.33$	0.67	0.999
45	η=173.78 $γ · - 0.26$	0.74	0.999
65	η=152.43 $γ · - 0.15$	0.85	0.999

图5 HAN电控凝胶推进剂的点火延迟特性

Fig.5 Ignition delay characteristics of HAN based gel propellants

图6 HAN基凝胶推进剂的燃速特性

Fig.6 Burning rate characteristics of HAN based gel propellants

图7 HAN基电控凝胶推进剂的燃烧图像

Fig.7 Combustion images of HAN-based electrically controlled gel propellant

表4 燃烧温度测量

Table 4 Measured combustion temperatures

测试次数	第1次	第2次	第3次	第4次
温度/K	1358.7	1402.5	1420.6	1263.7

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