火炮身管内膛表面材料强度退化机理研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0063

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

火炮射击过程中身管在热、力、化学等因素作用下平均每发射弹会产生微米级的内径扩大,是造成身管寿命终止的主要原因,研究内膛表面材料性能变化对揭示身管寿命机理具有重要意义。通过分析某寿命终止155mm口径身管内膛表面材料组织和性能,获得了身管不同部位内膛表面材料组织形貌、厚度及力学性能。结合身管温度梯度分析及烧蚀模拟试验,揭示了身管内膛表面材料性能退化机理及其与射弹发数关系。研究结果表明:身管寿命初期,在火药燃气作用下内膛表面材料相变形成硬化层,硬化层厚度与火药燃气温度及作用时间相关;身管烧蚀磨损发生在硬化层表面,硬化层常温下硬度和强度比基体高1倍,呈现硬脆特征,高温下硬度和强度迅速下降,在弹带摩擦及气流冲刷下造成身管内径扩大。

关键词: 火炮身管内膛, 硬化层, 材料性能退化, 相变, 烧蚀冲刷

Abstract:

In the process of gun firing, the inner diameter of the barrel increases by several microns under the action of heat, chemistry and force, which is the main reason for the termination of barrel life. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the change of material properties of the inner bore surface to reveal the barrel life mechanism. The microstructure, thickness and mechanical properties of the inner bore surface materials at different parts of the barrel were obtained by microanalysis of the 155mm barrel that has reached its life end. Through the analysis of barrel temperature gradient and ablation simulation experiment, the degradation mechanism of the bore surface material and its relationship with projectile firing number were revealed. The results showed that: the hardened layer was formed on the surface of the inner bore under the action of gunpowder gas in the early barrel life; the thickness of the hardened layer was related to the temperature and action time of gunpowder gas; barrel ablation and wear occur on the surface of the hardened layer; the strength of the hardened layer was twice as high as that of the barrel at room temperature, and the strength decreased rapidly at high temperatures, resulting in the increase of the inner barrel diameter under rotating band friction and airflow scouring.

Key words: gun barrel bore, hardened layer, material property degradation, phase transformation, ablation and erosion

许耀峰, 杨雕, 刘朋科, 陈奇, 郭俊行, 王军. 火炮身管内膛表面材料强度退化机理研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(5): 1288-1295.

XU Yaofeng, YANG Diao, LIU Pengke, CHEN Qi, GUO Junhang, WANG Jun. Study on Strength Degradation Mechanism of Material on Inner Bore Surface of Gun Barrel[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(5): 1288-1295.

图/表 20

图1 身管轴向不同部位内膛表层组织形貌

Fig.1 Surface microstructure of the inner bore at different axial parts of the barrel

表1 硬化层厚度

Table 1 Hardened layer thickness

部位	药室部	膛线起始部	高膛压区	身管中部	炮口
厚度/μm	0~140	165	100	55	1~2

图2 纳米压痕测试位置

Fig.2 Nanoindentation test positions

表2 基体及硬化层弹性模量测试结果

Table 2 Test results of elastic modulus of barrel material and hardened layer

参数	测点1	测点2	测点3	测点4	平均
硬化层弹性模量/GPa	228.06	219.88	228.86	202.17	219.74
基体弹性模量/GPa	217.08	243.14	220.76	221.47	225.61

图3 显微维氏硬度测试位置

Fig.3 Micro Vickers hardness test positions

图4 显微维氏硬度沿身管壁厚的变化规律

Fig.4 Variation law of micro Vickers hardness along barrel thickness

图5 基体及硬化层硬度随温度变化曲线

Fig.5 Variation curves of hardness of barrel material and hardened layer with temperature

表3 基体及硬化层不同温度下的抗拉强度

Table 3 Tensile strength of barrel material and hardened layer at different temperatures

基体及硬化层	温度/℃
基体及硬化层	20	200	400	600	700	800
基体	1091	1037	931	498	220	107
硬化层	2340	1495	357	153	-	-

图6 身管内壁面不同位置温度曲线

Fig.6 Temperature curves at different positions of inner barrel wall

图7 身管轴向不同位置温度最大值沿壁厚变化

Fig.7 Variation law of maximum temperature along barrel thickness at different axial positions on barrel

表4 温度超过830℃厚度与硬化层实测厚度对比

Table 4 Comparison between the thickness with temperature exceeding 830℃ and the measured thickness of hardened layer

参数	膛线起始部	高膛压区	身管中部	炮口
温度超过830℃的厚度/μm	150	131	70	4
硬化层实测厚度/μm	165	100	55	1~2

图8 膛线起始部内壁面升温降温过程

Fig.8 Inner wall temperature rising and falling process at commencement of rifling

图9 身管试样烧蚀模拟装置

Fig.9 Ablation simulation device with the barrel sample

图10 部分实测压力曲线

Fig.10 Part of measured pressure curves

图11 烧蚀模拟试验后身管试样

Fig.11 Barrel sample after ablation simulation test

图12 烧蚀模拟试验后镀铬试样

Fig.12 Chromium plating sample after ablation simulation test

图13 烧蚀模拟试验后身管试样硬化层及厚度

Fig.13 Thickness of hardened layer of barrel sample after ablation simulation test

图14 烧蚀模拟试验镀铬试样硬化层及厚度

Fig.14 Thickness of hardened layer of chromium plated sample after ablation simulation test

图15 烧蚀模拟试验后硬化层硬度与身管对比

Fig.15 Comparison between hardness of hardened layer after ablation simulation test and that of the barrel

图16 1发烧蚀模拟试验身管试样硬化层厚度

Fig.16 Thickness of hardened layer of barrel sample after ablation simulation test

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