Table of Content

31 March 2007, Volume 28 Issue 3

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Paper

Integrated Technology of Electric Transmission Cooling System of Armored Vehicles

LI Han-fei, ZHANG Yu-nan, MA Xiao-jun,ZANG Ke-mao, XIE Yong-hai

2007, 28(3):  257-261.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.001

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The cooling system is an important part of the electric transmission of armored vehicles. Based on the analysis of thermal sources of the electric transmission and the work status of main parts, the heat dissipated from each of the thermal sources was estimated, the preliminary computation oi the heat balance was conducted. On the basis of computations above-mentioned, the scheme of a total cool-ing system suitable for the electric transmission of armored vehicles was proposed whicn is composed of the high and the low temperature circulations. The dimension of plate-fin radiator in the high and the low temperature loops is reckoned by establishing the optimization object and function for the system.

Optimization of Splitting Point of Mc Pherson Strut and Steering Mechanism for Wheeled Vehicles

BIAN Xue-liang, MA Guoqing

2007, 28(3):  262-266.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.002

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The motion equation of Mc Pherson strut and steering mechanism for wheeled vehicles was established by using the R-W (Roberson R E and Wittenburg J) method known in dynamics of multi- body systems. Systematic incidence matrix, route matrix, body hinge vector matrix and system re-straint equation were derived. On this foundation, the optimization model of the splitting point of Mc Pherson strut and steering mechanism was established. In the optimization model, according to steer-ing request, a weight function was founded to obtain the best optimization effect.

One-dimensional Coupled Simulation of an Electronic Unit Pump Fuel Injection System

LIU Bo-lan, LU Hong-ze, ZHANG Fu-jun, ZHAO Chang-Iu

2007, 28(3):  267-271.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.003

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A one-dimensional physical model of electronic unit pump (EUP) was built. Electronic, magnetic and mechanic subsystem coupled simulation was carried out. LUP drive waveform, horizon-tal plunger displacement curve and pump outlet pressure curve were made. A test experiment was done to verify the simulation result. It shows that the maximum drive current is 13 A and maintenance cur-rent is 5 A; the maximum horizontal plunger displacement is 0.8 mm; the actual effective opening time is 2.4 ms at plunger control pulse of 3 ms; the maximum pump outlet pressure difference is 9 MPa. There exists an obvious difference in needle closing process.

Dynamic Coupling Analysis and Optimization of Gun Recoil Mechanism

ZONG Shi-zeng, QIAN Lin-fang, XU Ya-dong

2007, 28(3):  272-275.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.004

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During the recoil period, there is the dynamic coupling effect between recoil part and other parts of gun system. I he dynamic system equations for gun recoiling were derived with the considera-tion of this coupling cffect and its dynamic coupling model was established. The numerical method was employed to solve the equations.- The Lagrange quadric interpolation method was used to interpolate table data and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method was used for numerical integration. The results indicate that the recoil resistance curve is apparently different from that of the design curve, the maxi-mal recoil resistance force is less than that of the designed curve. Based on the dynamic model and opti-mization method, the optimized model of recoil resistance force was developed by defining, the diame-ters of taper segments of control rod as design parameters, the maximal resistance force during the whole period as optimal objective and the maximal displacement of piston rod relative to cylinder as the constraints. The multi-island genetic algorithm (GA) was employed as optimal strategy. The opti-mized results indicate that the recoil resistance curve is smooth and maximal recoil resistance force after optimization is less than that before optimization.

Similarity Law Analyses of Penetration Behavior in Reinforced Concrete

WU Hai-jun, HUANG Feng-lei, CHEN Li, ZHANG Qing-ming

2007, 28(3):  276-280.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.005

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The terminal effect in the reinforced concrete penetrated by a kinetic projectile is a main top-ic in the field of impact and defence engineering. The scale similarity law describing the penetration process in the reinforced concrete struck by a kinetic projectile was obtained by using the dimension analysis. Based on this scale similarity law, the. effect of rebar in the reinforced concrete during the penetration process was analyzed and the approach to establish an empirical formula to calculate the penetration depth was discussed. By considering the rebar effect and the scale similarity law, the I: I and 1-2.5 scale experiments and the 1-2.5 and I : 4 scale numerical simulations were carried out. comparing analyses show that the experimental results well accord with the scale similarity law. Final-ly, the scale relation for the penetration and perforation effects of reinforced concrete struck by the ki-netic projectile was expounded.

Jamming Target Assignment Model of Electronic Equipment Based on Grey Relational Prediction

KE Hong-fa, CHEN Yong-guang, ZHOU Guang-tao

2007, 28(3):  281-285.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.006

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The jamming target assignment of the electronic equipment is an important problem in the electronic warfare research domain. Some assignment model elements cannot be obtained in the actual combat. The usage of electronic equipment is divided into two stages ： the jamming task preparing pro-cess and the actual combat process. riere, the approach using the historical data acquired by the test or training to predict the pertinent model elements was proposed. The concept of the grey relational pre-diction value and its calculation method based on the historical data were put forward firstly. Then the grey relational prediction model for the jamming target assignment of the electronic equipment in the actual combat was set up and its algorithm was discussed. The simulation results show that the pro-posed model and algorithm are feasible, effective and suitable for the target assignment of the electronic equipment in the actual combat.

Iterative Optimization of SINR Equation Based on Polarization Ratio Parameters

YANG Yun-fu, TAO Ran, WANG Yue

2007, 28(3):  286-290.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.007

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For the SINR( signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio) equation based on the polarization ratio parameters, an optimal polarization method called iterative optimal polarization (IOP) was presented. 丄he IOP scheme employs the big and small circle local optimal solutions as basic frames. These two frames are iterative each other, and every one utilizes the results from the other, and transfers the own results to the other. The simulation results show that IOP methoa is an effective method for optimal polarization. After several iterations, the final optimum and optimal polarization point can be obtained, and the average relative errors of the optimum obtained with IOP related to the actual optimum are very small.

Cramer-Rao Bound of DOA Estimation for Underwater Wide Band Sources

FENG Xi-an, HUANG Jian-guo

2007, 28(3):  291-295.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.008

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The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of the directions of arrival (DOA) estimation is a comparative standard for the statistical efficiency of DOA estimators. As the lowest bound of variance, it gives the variance performance limit of every unbiased estimator. The CRB of the DOA estimation of the narrow band sources has been studied in many published papers. However, they have not involved that of the wide band sources recently. The CRB of the DOA estimation for underwater wide band sources was proposed. Under reasonable conditions, an analytical expression for the CRB of the wide band DOA estimation was derived from the joint probability density function of the sampling data of the sensor ar-ray and t isher information matrix. The CRBs of wide band DOA estimation were calculated in the case of the different ratios of signal to noise (SNR) and different bearing angles. The CRB is an important reference to the theoretical analysis and the statistical performance appraisal of the underwater wide band DOA estimators with high resolution capability.

Numerical Analysis of 3 mm Ferrite Dielectric Waveguide Using Galerkin Method

LIU Ming-yu, ZHANG Jiang-hua

2007, 28(3):  296-300.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.009

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To develop long-range missile early warning radar, MMW phased array antenna is needed. The phase shifter (PS) with high power capacity and low loss is an essential and key component for the radar. Here, the phase shifter adopted ferrite dielectric waveguide is considered, the PS cross sec-tion of the new configuration can enlarge to 4 times of that of the conventional, wmch facilitates the engineering realization. A novel vector base function in Galerkin method was proposed in calculating the eigenvalue of ferrite aieiectric waveguide. The field distribution of main mode, power flux density distribution and efficiency of 94 GHz difference phase shift were also given.

Research on Trajectory Controlled Optimization for Trajectory Correction Fuze Using Maximum Principle

HUO Peng-fei, SHI Kun-lin，YUAN Wei-zheng

2007, 28(3):  301-304.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.010

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An optimum model of trajectory control based on aerodynamics and the optimal control theo-ry with the least energy cost was estabnsned to command projectile to move along a certain path up to hitting a target by the trajectory correction fuze. The optimum model was solved by maximum princi-ple ana m which the initial value problem was solved using Newton iteration procedure. A demonstra-tion illustrates that optimal values of the normal overload obtained from the optimization model can control the projectile up to hitting the target by giving the controlled starting point and the target point. The optimal results provide a theoretical basis for the design of the trajectory correction mechanism.

Three Dimensional Numerical Simulation on Collision and Press Process of Propellant Bed

HONG Jun, RUI Xiao-ting, LIU Jun,CHEN Tao

2007, 28(3):  305-308.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.011

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The propellant lailure caused by collision and press of propellant bed is the fundamental rea-son of breech-blow. The initiating stacking structure of dense propellant bed was simulated by Monte Carlo method. The collision and press process of dense propellant bed was simulated by discrete ele-ment method, which is different from common multi-body dynamics on the basis of introduced non-continuum. Propellant’s contact detection, 3-D contact model and determination of computational pa-rameters were explained exactly. This scheme firstly solves the problem of force and motion acting on single grain unaer complex conditions and plays an important role in simulating propellant failure.

Kinetic Calculation Methods of Beam System Under Low Velocity Impact

WANG De-rong, LI Jie, SONG Chun-ming, WANG Ming-yang

2007, 28(3):  309-314.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.012

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The bearing beam and the supporting beam under low velocity impact may be at four differ-ent strain stages as the parameters of the impact strength and the structure strength are different. Ac-cording to the distinguishable conditions of different strain stages, the corresponding calculation models were come up, the calculation formulas of the impact force and the beam’s lateral displacement were deduced. The relevant example shows that when the flexibility of the supporting component is high, the beam’s total deflection is small; when the stiffness is high, this effect disappears almost.

Reliability Models of Ammunition Storage Based on MCMC Simulation Method

LIN Jing, HAN Yu-qi, ZHU Hui-ming,WANG Ye

2007, 28(3):  315-318.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.013

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With the more and more development of the Bayesian survival analysis theory, as well as the fault of the traditional methods for storage reliability evaluation of ammunition, the Bayesian analysis method was proposed to build reliability regression models in the condition of the random truncated test. Take exponential distribution and Weibull distribution for example, and the MCMC method, based on Vjibbs sampling was put forward to simulate dynamically the Markov chain of the parameters posterior distribution. Also, the parameters’ Bayesian estimations were given out. The BlJGS package was used to realize the simulation. The results prove the model to be objective and valid in the storage reliability evaluation of ammunition.

Change of Magnetic Memory Signals Under Different Testing Environments

YIN Da-wei, XU Bin-shi, DONG Shi-yun,DONG Li-hong，FENG Chen

2007, 28(3):  319-323.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.014

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The experiment of the static tension for medium carbon 4d 11 steel was done .丄 he magnetic signal changes of specimens under different loading phases and testing environments were studied by use of the technology of magnetic memory testing. The results indicate that the magnetic signals of specimens have obvious difference under two kinds of testing environments. In the case of on-line test-ing, the testing precision is strongly influenced by the magnetic environment around the specimen, and the point of cross-zero regarded as the criterion of magnetic memory testing is insignificant. In the case of off-line testing, the effect is good, and the stress concentration areas of specimens can be character-ized by the point of cross-zero. Furthermore, the variation of magnetic field strength and the phe-nomenon of the excursion of the cross-zero point appeared in experimental processes were analyzed.

Study of Nd： YAG Transparent Ceramic Materials by Low Temperature Combustion Method

LU Bin, LI Yong-da, JING Min

2007, 28(3):  324-328.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.015

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Neodymium doped-yttrium aluminum garnet ( Nd： YAG) transparent polycrystalline ceramic has the advantages of easy fabrication, low cost, large size, high doping concentration, high heat con?ductivity, Kigh heat stability, mass manufacture, multi-layer and multi-function compared with single crystal of the same chemical composition. It has already become a substitute of single crystal. By using Nd203、Y2〇3、Al ( NO3 )3 ? 9H2O and citric acid as raw materials, TEOS as sintering additive, the (Nd0.01Y0.99)3Al5O12 precursor powder was synthesized at 1100 °C by the low temperature combustion method. The Nd: YAG precursor powder has the features of loose dispersion, slight agglomeration, super fine and YAG cubic crystal phase. The Nd: YAG transparent ceramic was fabricated from the precursor powder being sintered at 1700 °C in vacuum for 5 hours. The Nd: YAG ceramic material was tested and characterized by measures of TG-DTA, XRD, FT-IR5 TEM，ESEM and FT-PL. The results show that the crystallization temperature of YAG is 850°C and the formation of the intermedi?ate crystal phase YAP created during the heat treatment can be transferred into cubic YAG crystal phase at 1050 °C，the laser wavelength of (Nd0.01Y0.99)3Al5〇12 transparent ceramic is 1.065 μm and there exists a slight red-shift compared to the single crystal with the same chemical composition, the transmittance of (Nd0.01Y0.99)3Al5〇12 increases with lengthening wavelength and the optical transmit?tance is about 45% in the visible region and 58% in the infrared region.

Thermochemical Erosion of Propellant with Nanometer Additives

CHEN Yong-cai, SONG Qiu-zhi, WANG Jian-zhong

2007, 28(3):  329-331.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.016

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The bore-wear reducing additives are usually used in the gun propellant for reducing the wear or erosion of gun barrel because of its evident effects and simple technique. Though nanometer materials have many distinctive features, the problem of how to use nanometer materials as the bore- wear or bore-erosion reducing additives in guns has not been investigated deeply. For solving the prob-lem, some experiments were conducted. The erosion data of both propellant with nanometer additives and standard propellant were obtained by a semi-closed bomb. The experimental result shows that nanometer additives play a role in reducing erosion to a certain degree. SEM pictures show that the nanometer additives have no influence on formed quality of the grains.

Unscented Particle Filter-based on Fault Diagnosis of Non-linear System with Non-gaussian Noises

GE Zhe-xue, YANG Yong-min, HU Zheng, CHEN Zhong-sheng

2007, 28(3):  332-335.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.017

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The traditional method of fault diagnosis of nonlinear system with non-Gaussian noises is based on particle filter. However, ordinary particle filter has the problem of degeneracy and therefore deteriorates the fault diagnosis performance. Based on generic particle filter, a new Unscented particle filter method was brought forward to estimate the system true state. The estimation performance of the new method was markedly improved by generated importance proposal distribution. A sequential strategy of fault diagnosis was presented and negative log likelihood ratio was used to detect the fault. When a fault occurred, a new joint estimation method was used to isolate the fault. Computational re-sults demonstrate that the proposed method can detect and diagnose faults of a nonlinear system, and suppress non-Gaussian noises.

Research on Curved Surface Reconstruction and Decomposition with Uniform B-spline Wavelet

PAN Yang-yu, LI Dong-bo, YANG Hui

2007, 28(3):  336-338.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.018

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Considering the peculiarity of cloudy data measured by three-coordinate measuring machine, the data pre-treatment was correspondingly adopted. By delaminating and ordering the measured data points, and constructing rectangle grids using re-sampling technique, uniform B-spline curved surface interpolation was realized. Based on the theory of multi-resolution analysis, applying the methods of B- spline wavelet and mirror expansion to decompose the reconstructed curved surface with wavelet, mul-ti-rank approximate curved surfaces can be obtained, that is easy to transmit and to compress data in real time. The corresponding modules were tapped, the reconstructed and decomposed curved surfaces can be saved as IGES files using writing engine, which can be introduced directly in commercial 3-D CAD software for further processing with better engineering applied value.

Analysis on Spiral Search Pattern for Moving Target

ZHANG Sheng-yun, ZHANG An, WANG Wen-hai, SHI Zhi-fu, ZHONG Lin

2007, 28(3):  339-342.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.019

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Searching for moving targets is an important content of military system engineering, which can be used in many areas, such as searches for submarines, wrecked airplanes or warships and targets by guided weapons. The distribution function and the meeting condition of searchers with moving tar-gets were analyzed by relative knowledge of kinematics and mathematics at constant velocity and straight line. Another proving method about search for moving targets according to spiral line was put forward, and the mathematics model of target probable position was set up as searching for targets a_ long straight line. From this model, it can be proved that there is a wrong thought about search for moving targets according to spiral line.

Experimental Techniques and Analysis

Spectrophotometric Etetermination of Aluminium in Chemical Reagents with DBC- chlorophosphonazo in the Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate

YU Hui，GAO Jing-yu

2007, 28(3):  343-345.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.020

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In an acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution of pH 4.3，aluminium(Ⅲ)reacts with DBC- cnlorophospJionazo (DBC-CPA) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfonate(SDS) to form a violet-blue complex. The composition of the complex is Al( DI): (DBC-CPA) = 1:1. The maximum absorption of the complex exhibits that λmax is 622 nm and the molar absorptivity is 1.41 X 1O4 L ? mol-1 ? cm-1. Beer law is obeyed over the range of 0.20 — 1.20 mg· L-1 for aluminium. The method was satisfactori-ly used in the determination of trace amounts of aluminium in sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium hydroxide.

Study on Radial Friction Welding Band of Small Shell

XU Xiao-ling, XU Yuan-ze, WU Wei

2007, 28(3):  346-348.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.021

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A new radial friction welding band technology on small shell was proposed. Bands using this process were assembled to shell bodies without notch. The microstructure of the welding joint was dis， cussed and serial tests were conducted. The results show that the microstructures of heat affected zone on steel side are incomplete quenching with narrow width, and on copper side the microstructures are fine grains. The joint shearこstrength is greater than 200 MPa. Series test firings indicate that the shells with radial friction welding bands can satisfy the assembly requirements of shell bands.

An Optimized Method of Test Point Fast Design

YANG Lu, SHEN Huai-rong

2007, 28(3):  349-352.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.022

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The test point design is the primary problems of fault diagnosis. Through topological di-graph is used on the test point design, a topological relativity diagnosis method was advanced, ine quick-operating processes of modeling and test point designing were realized. Compared with a relativi-ty diagnosis method usually used. A new algorithm of test point fast design suitable for a complex sys-tem was put forward.

Comprehensive Reviews

Processing Defect Analysis and Nondestructive Evaluation Technology for Si3N4 Bearing Ball

YANG Tie-bin, WANG Li-qin, GU Le,ZHENG De-zhi

2007, 28(3):  353-357.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.023

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Silicon nitride bearing balls with superior mechanical properties have great future in aerospace and super precision bearing applications. But surface defects on ceramic bearing balls can be brought at any manufacturing stage. Surface and subsurface defects significantly reduce the rolling con-tact fatigue lifetime. Initiation, propagation and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of defects in the manufacturing procedures are reviewed. The key to successful processing of high strength ceramics is to avoid producing related defects. Many investigations show that material microstructures and de-fects, as well as mechanical processing parameters integrally influence the final surface quality. Many NDE technologies such as radiation, ultrasonic, dye-penetration and laser scatter have been studied for ceramic bearing balls surface inspection around the world. The difficulties to develop NDE system for ceramic bearing balls caused by the variety of defects and surface unfolding mechanism design have not been solved yet.

Some Aerodynamic Problems of Guided-weapons

LEI Juan-mian, WU Jia-sheng

2007, 28(3):  358-365.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.024

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Seven important aerodynamic problems closely related to the development of guided-weapons are analyzed and discussed. The problems are high lift-drag ratio aerodynamic configuration and aero-dynamic extended range, multi-wing/fin configuration and its aerodynamic characteristics, rolling con-trol coupling and decoupling of canard-controlled missile, aerodynamic interference of submunition and dispenser during dispensing and. separating, aerodynamic characteristics and radar stealth characteris-tics of non-circular cross section missile, aerodynamic characteristics of grid fins and lateral jet control technology. It is pointed out that all the aerodynamic problems mentioned above need to be researched more deeply.

Short Papers

Study on Lifetime Distribution Model for Machining Center

JIA Zhi-cheng, XU Shi-meng, HU Zhong-xiang

2007, 28(3):  366-369.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.025

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The researches on product lifetime distribution model are the basis of assessment and im-provement of product reliability level. The reliability field test at macmning centers was carried out and the failure data were collected. After analyzing and processing these data by using the methods of curve fitting and hypothesis test, the lifetime distribution model of the machining centers was founded. The founded model provides a theoretical basis of assessing reliability characterizations and adopting reliabil-ity growth technical measures for machining centers.

Research Notes

Study on Assisted Landing Technology for Shipboard Helicopter Based on Computer Vision

LI Bo, WANG Xiao-tong, XU Xiao-gang,YANG Chang-qing

2007, 28(3):  370-373.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.026

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For assisting shipboard helicopter in landing safely, an assisted landing technology for ship-board helicopter was proposed based on computer vision. The contents of the technology include image segmentation for identilying the landmark from desk, extracting corner of landmark in image with Harris corner detecting implement, establishing the function between corner of landmark and its pro-jection point in image based on perspective projection principle, computing functional relation matrix with least square technique, and decomposing relation matrix to get relative position and orientation between shipboard helicopter and snip. The experiments with simulated data show that the relative po-sition and the attitude data for shipboard helicopter can be estimated by the approach in real-time, which remain high accuracy still under the interference of image testing error.

Composite Measurement on Multiplex Parameters of Bazooka

ZHANG Chi-jun, MA Hong

2007, 28(3):  374-376.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.027

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A new method was proposed by the combined techniques of laser alignment, CCD graphic recognition and hydraulic pressing compositely to measure three parameters of shake quantity, multi-tube parallelism and null line of the bazooka body. The working principle of the framework was de-scribed and the measuring accuracy was analyzed. The uncertainty of measurement is less than 15 .

Interior- ballistic Model of Two-phase Flow and Numerical Simulation of Metal Storm Weapon System with Powder Loaded in Serial Mode

HE Lei, SONG Xue-ping, NI Zhi-jun,HUANG Xiao-ning, ZHOU Ke-dong

2007, 28(3):  377-381.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.028

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The axial-symmetrical two-dimensional interior-ballistics model of metal storm weapon sys-tem with powder loaded in serial mode was estaDlished. I Jie interior-ballistics process under various firing modes was simulated numerically. The simulated results show that the in-bore two-dimensional effect is not evident with i2.7 mm diameter metal storm weapon system. For a fixed cartridge, the nigher the firing rate is, the higher the maximal pressure is and the smaller the muzzle velocity is.

Design and Implementation of Simulation Environment for HLA-Compliant Torpedo Weapon System

KANG Feng-ju, GU Hao, WU Yu, SU Ying, SONG Zhi-ming

2007, 28(3):  382-384.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2007.03.029

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A novel blueprint of HLA-compliant (high level arcnitecture-compliant) reconfiguraole open applied architecture was proposed. In addition, a Kind of applied software framework based on soft-ware reusability was put forward, providing a friendly GUI(graphics user interface) automatically to set time management strategy and object management declaration, and effectively implementing con-sistent interface between RTI(run-time infrastructure) and simulation models. In order to implement simulation of fluctuant ocean floor, seabed flickering facula, air bub Dies, turbidity effect, etc. , tne extended module, developed and called underwater space Vega by us, was further established. In the end, an underwater vehicle distributed interactive simulation composite experimental environment was set up by means of software pRTIl.3. Initial experimental results indicate that this system features friendly GUI, reusable models and competence for real-time simulation, to adapt the system to the simulation regirement of various underwater conflicts, such as submarine-to-snip, submarine-to-sub-marine etc.