Structural Design and Shielding Performance of Multi-spectral Interfering Smoke Module

doi:10.12382/bgxb/2021.0818

Abstract

Abstract:

The survivability of battlefield targets has been greatly threatened due to the employment of a series of advanced precision-guided munitions. To meet the performance requirements of multi-band interference, the multi-spectral interfering agent and smoke module were prepared through in-situ synthesis reaction, compound dispensing technique and numerical calculation, respectively. The infrared transmittance, mm-Wave attenuation and visible transmittance spectra of the multi-spectral interfering agent were characterized by a smoke screen test system. Mass extinction coefficients at infrared and visible bands were measured using the Beer-Lambert law. The matching performance of smoke module and multi-spectral interfering agent was examined by using an explosion experiment. The smoke screen production process, effective smoke screen width and smoke duration were obtained. The transmittance of the multi-spectral interfering agent was 1.98% at 1-3 μm, 3.04% at 3-5 μm, 8.11% at 8-14 μm and 6.96% at 0.4-0.8 μm. α_e was 1.28 m²/g at 1-3 μm, 1.14 m²/g at 3-5 μm, 0.82 m²/g at 8-14 μm and 0.87 m²/g at 0.4-0.8 μm. The attenuation values of 3 mm and 8 mm waves were -14.52 dB and -11.76 dB. The duration of smoke screen was greater than 60 s, and the effective smoke screen width exceeded 60 m. This study demonstrates that the smoke module equipped with multi-spectral interfering agent is an efficient strategy to jam advanced precision-guided munitions.

Key words: smoke module, multispectral interfering agent, carbon fiber, graphene, carbon nanotubes, multi-spectral interference

LI Xiaonan, LI Tianpeng, ZHANG Kaichuang, CHEN Hao, GUO Aiqiang, GAO Xinbao. Structural Design and Shielding Performance of Multi-spectral Interfering Smoke Module[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(3): 910-918.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Front view of the smoke canister

Fig. 2 Preparation flow chart of the multi-spectral interfering agent

Fig. 3 Smoke screen test system

Fig. 4 Explosion experiment system

Fig. 5 Infrared transmittance, mm-Wave attenuation and visible transmittance spectra of the multi-spectral interfering agent

Table 1 Mass extinction coefficient of the multi-spectral interfering agent at infrared and visible bands

波段/μm	透过率/%	α_e/(m²·g^-1)
1~3	1.98	1.28
3~5	3.04	1.14
8~14	8.11	0.82
0.4~0.8	6.96	0.87

Table 2 Time series of wind speed and wind direction in the smoke module explosion experiment

时间/s	风速/(m·s^-1)	风向/(°)
0	2.4	138
10	2.6	136
20	2.6	137
30	2.0	140
40	2.3	144
50	2.7	146
60	2.7	139

Table 3 Images of the smoke module explosion experiment

t/s	全景摄像机拍摄图像	红外热像仪拍摄图像
1
10
20
60

References 38

[1]	亢有为. 制导弹药BTT控制系统设计[D]. 北京: 北京理工大学, 2016:18-20.
	KANG Y W. The control system design of BTT guided ammunition[D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2016: 18-20. (in Chinese)
[2]	王玄玉. 抗红外烟幕材料及消光性能研究进展(特约)[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2020, 49(7):15-23.
	WANG X Y. Development of anti-infrared smoke material and its extinction performance(Invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2020, 49(7):15-23. (in Chinese)
[3]	邹佳歧, 关华. 赤磷发烟剂/铜粉及其复合烟幕对红外热像仪的干扰性能研究[J]. 火工品, 2019(6): 43-46.
	ZOU J Q, GUAN H. Study on interference performance of red phosphorus smoke agent/copper powder and their composite smoke on infrared thermal imager[J]. Initiators and Pyrotechnics, 2019(6):43-46. (in Chinese)
[4]	李笑楠, 李天鹏, 高欣宝. 无源干扰材料在对抗精确制导武器中的应用进展[J]. 舰船电子工程, 2021, 41(7):1-8, 57.
	LI X N, LI T P, GAO X B. Advances in passive jamming material countering of precision guide weapon[J]. Ship Electronic Engineering, 2021, 41(7):1-8, 57. (in Chinese)
[5]	陈泽, 朱晨光, 封亚欧. 气凝胶基复合含能材料的制备及其红外遮蔽性能研究[J]. 火工品, 2017(4):23-27.
	CHEN Z, ZHU C G, FENG Y O. Study on the preparation and infrared shielding performance of composite energetic materials based on aerogel[J]. Initiators and Pyrotechnics, 2017(4):23-27. (in Chinese)
[6]	彭文联, 张兴高, 刘庚冉, 等. 纳米石墨基烟幕材料的遮蔽干扰特性研究[J]. 光电技术应用, 2019, 34(6):17-20.
	PENG W L, ZHANG X G, LIU G R, et al. Research on shadowing and interference characteristics of nano-graphite based smoke screen material[J]. Electro-Optic Technology Application, 2019, 34(6):17-20. (in Chinese)
[7]	董文杰, 王洛国, 王玄玉, 等. 镀铜碳纤维对毫米波的干扰性能研究[J]. 火工品, 2020(3):28-32.
	DONG W J, WANG L G, WANG X Y, et al. The study on millimeter wave attenuation property of chemical copper plating carbon fiber[J]. Initiators and Pyrotechnics, 2020(3):28-32. (in Chinese)
[8]	李乐, 胡以华, 顾有林, 等. 生物材料红外波段消光性能分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2017, 37(11): 3430-3434.
	LI L, HU Y H, GU Y L, et al. Infrared extinction performance of biological materials[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2017, 37(11):3430-3434. (in Chinese)
[9]	陈文建, 穆让修, 张若凡, 等. 固体发烟剂烟雾几种波段透过率测试[J]. 应用光学, 2016, 37(5):738-741.
	CHEN W J, MU R X, ZHANG R F, et al. Transmittance measurement on smog of solid smoke agent in several wavebands[J]. Journal of Applied Optics, 2016, 37(5):738-741. (in Chinese)
[10]	冯长根, 乔小晶, 李旺昌. 烟幕弹药研究进展[J]. 科技导报, 2014, 32(4):110-115.
	FENG C G, QIAO X J, LI W C. Research progress in smoke bombs[J]. Science and Technology Review, 2014, 32(4):110-115. (in Chinese)
[11]	张恩爽, 雷朝帅, 李健, 等. 超轻质磁性石墨烯/炭气凝胶的制备及电磁干扰性能[J]. 新型炭材料, 2020, 35(6):707-715.
	ZHANG E S, LEI C S, LI J, et al. The preparation of super lightweight magnetic Fe₃O₄/graphene/carbon aerogels and their use in electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. New Carbon Materials, 2020, 35(6): 707-715. (in Chinese) doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(20)60524-8 URL
[12]	暴丽霞, 乔小晶, 杨铭. 一锅水热法制备炭-铁磁体复合材料及红外消光性能研究(特约)[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2020, 49(7):24-29.
	BAO L X, QIAO X J, YANG M. Preparation of carbon coated ferromagnetic composite materials by one-pot and IR extinction performance(Invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2020, 49(7):24-29. (in Chinese)
[13]	江飞, 谢强, 刘威, 等. 一种燃烧型干扰剂的设计及其多频谱消光性能研究[J]. 爆破器材, 2021, 50(2):29-33.
	JIANG F, XIE Q, LIU W, et al. Design of a combustion type interference agent and its multi-spectrum extinction performance[J]. Explosive Materials, 2021, 50(2):29-33. (in Chinese)
[14]	张帅, 傅德彬, 朱希娟. 基于组合方法的烟幕弹烟雾颗粒生成与扩散状态模拟[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2020, 41(1):33-37.
	ZHANG S, FU D B, ZHU X J. Simulation of smoke bomb particle generation and diffusion state based on combined method[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2020, 41(1):33-37. (in Chinese)
[15]	徐路程, 郝雪颖, 肖凯涛, 等. 爆炸型烟幕弹遮蔽效能仿真研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2020, 41(7):1299-1306. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.07.006
	XU L C, HAO X Y, XIAO K T, et al. Simulation study of screening efficiency of explosive smoke bomb[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2020, 41(7):1299-1306. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.07.006
[16]	ROUSE W G, KILGORE C S, RHEA R E, et al. Millimeter wave screening cloud and method:US5148173A[P]. 1992-09-15.
[17]	SCHERER W, SCHNEIDER J, RIEGER G. Smoke shell: US6889611B2[P]. 2005-05-10.
[18]	KOCH E C, SCHNEIDER J, KOTHE T. Smoke projectile: US2006060103A1[P]. 2006-03-23.
[19]	TADROS R M, PAPAYIANIS E, DEHAGHANI A A, et al. Smoke producing mortar cartridge:US7404358B2[P]. 2008-07-29.
[20]	SHVAJKOVSKIJ V A, KOBLEV V D, DEVJATKIN S L. Method of protecting land and sea-based equipment: RU2371665C2[P]. 2009-10-27.
[21]	陈浩, 高欣宝, 李天鹏, 等. 国外烟幕干扰弹发展及关键技术研究[J]. 飞航导弹, 2017(12):71-74.
	CHEN H, GAO X B, LI T P, et al. Development and key technology research of smoke screen jamming projectile abroad[J]. Aerodynamic Missile Journal, 2017(12):71-74. (in Chinese)
[22]	毛明, 马士奔, 黄诗喆. 主战坦克火力、机动和防护性能与主要总体尺寸的关系研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2017, 38(7):1443-1450. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.07.024
	MAO M, MA S B, HUANG S Z. Research on relationship among firepower, mobility, protection performance and general dimensions of main battle tank[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2017, 38(7):1443-1450. (in Chinese)
[23]	周晓东. 弹药目标探测与识别[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2019:21-25.
	ZHOU X D. Ammunition target detection and recognition[M]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press, 2019:21-25. (in Chinese)
[24]	ARRAYAGO I, REAL E, GARDNER L. Description of stress-strain curves for stainless steel alloys[J]. Materials & Design, 2015, 87: 540-552.
[25]	彭志方, 刘省, 杨华春, 等. Grade 91耐热钢的硬度与持久强度、许用应力和运行/剩余寿命的相关性研究[J]. 材料工程, 2021, 49(9):109-118.
	PENG Z F, LIU S, YANG H C, et al. Correlation of hardness with creep rupture strength, allowable stress and service/remaining life of Grade 91 heat-resistant steel[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2021, 49(9):109-118. (in Chinese)
[26]	陈浩, 高欣宝, 许兴春, 等. 碳纳米管/石墨烯/碳复合材料烟幕的中远红外的干扰性能[J]. 含能材料, 2019, 27(3):249-254.
	CHEN H, GAO X B, XU X C, et al. Middle and far infrared interference properties of cnt/graphene/carbon composites smoke screen[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2019, 27(3):249-254. (in Chinese)
[27]	陈浩, 高欣宝, 张倩, 等. 多频谱复合干扰剂的制备及遮蔽性能[J]. 含能材料, 2020, 28(1):76-82.
	CHEN H, GAO X B, ZHANG Q, et al. Preparation and shielding performance of multi spectral composite interfering agent[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2020, 28(1):76-82. (in Chinese)
[28]	ZHANG K C, GAO X B, ZHANG Q, et al. Carbon coated paramagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles decorated MWCNTs-GNS composites:synthesis, characterization and their excellent electromagnetic absorption properties[J]. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 2018, 29(4): 3401-3410. doi: 10.1007/s10854-017-8275-6 URL
[29]	LI X N, LI T C, GUO A Q, et al. Equipment-friendly encapsulation structure of SiO₂/Cu for efficient infrared shield[J]. Materials & Design, 2022, 214: 110414.
[30]	ZHANG K C, GAO X B, ZHANG Q, et al. Synthesis, characterization and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of asphalt carbon coated graphene/magnetic NiFe₂O₄ modified multi-wall carbon nanotube composites[J]. Journal of Alloys Compounds, 2017, 721:268-275. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.013 URL
[31]	LU L S, HOU Z R, ZHANG F X, et al. Effect of a sizing agent on short carbon fiber production with radial chopping technology[J]. Textile Research Journal, 2018, 88(15):1745-1754. doi: 10.1177/0040517517708539 URL
[32]	丁昆, 董景滨, 刘力军, 等. 烟火药性能试验方法: GJB 8684—2015[S]. 北京: 总装备部军标出版发行部, 2015.
	DING K, DONG J B, LIU L J, et al. Test method of performance for pyrotechnic composition: GJB8684—2015[S]. Beijing: Military Standard Publishing and Distribution Department of General Armament Department, 2015. (in Chinese)
[33]	刘力军, 董景滨, 翟凤山, 等. 特种弹效应试验方法: GJB 8670—2015[S]. 北京: 总装备部军标出版发行部, 2015.
	LIU L J, DONG J B, ZHAI F S, et al. Test method of function for special projectile: GJB8670—2015[S]. Beijing: Military Standard Publishing and Distribution Department of General Armament Department, 2015. (in Chinese)
[34]	宋承天, 张垚彦, 刘强, 等. 气溶胶环境影响下连续波激光引信回波特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(3):499-510.
	SONG C T, ZHANG Y Y, LIU Q, et al. Echo characteristics of continuous wave laser fuze in aerosol environment[J]. ActaArmamentarii, 2021, 42(3): 499-510. (in Chinese)
[35]	王红霞, 孙红辉, 宋仔标, 等. 基于蒙特卡罗方法的烟幕透过率计算与分析[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2012, 41(5):1200-1205.
	WANG H X, SUN H H, SONG Z B, et al. Numerical calculation and analysis of transmittance of smoke screen based on Monte Carlo method[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2012, 41(5):1200-1205. (in Chinese)
[36]	FARMER W, KRIST K. Comparison of methods used to determine the mass extinction coefficient for phosphorus smokes[J]. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1981, 305:7-16.
[37]	张祺祺. 铜基烟幕干扰材料抗氧化技术及红外消光性能研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2017:15, 41.
	ZHANG Q Q. Study on anti-oxidation technology and infrared extinction performance of copper-based smokescreen[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2017:15, 41. (in Chinese)
[38]	张大志. 多频谱干扰材料复合技术及性能研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2012:20-25.
	ZHANG D Z. Study on composite technology and properties of multi spectrum interference materials[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 2012:20-25. (in Chinese)