Detonation Diameter Effect of CL-20-based Pressed Explosives

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0980

Abstract

Abstract:

The detonation propagation characteristics of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based pressed explosives are studied to promote the application of CL-20 mixed explosives in micro-detonation sequences. For a typical pressed CL-20 mixed explosive (C-1, CL-20/binder=95/5), the reaction rate equation parameters of Lee-Tarver shock initiation model for this explosive are calibrated through the shock initiation experiments, providing the model parameters for simulation studies of diameter effect. Based on this, the detonation diameter effect of cylindrical step charges is verified through numerical simulation and experiment, and the relationship between charge diameter and detonation velocity is established. The detonation diameter effects of C-1, PBX9404 and PBX9502 explosives are compared through the numerical simulation of conical charge detonation propagation. The critical diameters of the three explosives are obtained by fitting the relationship between detonation velocity and charge diameter, and the influence rules of different constraint conditions on the critical detonation diameter of C-1 explosive are mastered. The study shows that the critical detonation diameter of C-1 explosive (1.34mm) is between those of PBX9404 (1.27mm) and PBX9502 (2.3mm). This is because the detonation velocity decay caused by the detonation diameter effect of explosive is related to its shock initiation characteristics, and the different stages of detonation velocity decay are controlled by different reaction rate terms (ignition, low-pressure slow reaction, and high-pressure fast reaction). In addition, with the strengthening of constraint conditions, the critical diameter of C-1 explosive decreases. the influence of lateral rarefaction wave can be greatly weakened by using radial full constraint, and its critical diameter is decreased by 51.5% compared with that of unconstrained charge.

Key words: hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane-based mixed explosive, ignition growth model, diameter effect, constraint condition, critical diameter

CLC Number:

TQ564

HE Chao, LIU Yan, BAI Fan, LIU Moyan, WANG Hongfu, HUANG Fenglei. Detonation Diameter Effect of CL-20-based Pressed Explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(12): 4283-4294.

Figures/Tables 28

Fig.1 Shock initiation test system

Fig.2 Photo of shock initiation experimental apparatus

Fig.3 Samples of C-l explosive for shock initiation test

Table 1 Explosive sample specifications

炸药配方	尺寸/mm	数量
C-1混合炸药	ϕ40×3	6
	ϕ40×25	2

Fig.4 Pressure curve of shock initiation experiment for 49mm-thick partition

Fig.5 Pressure curve of shock initiation experiment for 45mm- thick partition

Table 2 Parameters of shock initiation equation of state

类别	A/GPa	B/GP	R₁	R₂	ω	c_v/(GPa·K^-1)
未反应炸药JWL状态方程	444400.00	-5.13	13.50	1.35	0.8695	2.78×10^-3
爆轰产物JWL状态方程	1887.64	162.40	6.50	2.75	0.5470	1.00×10^-3

Fig.6 Comparison of simulated and experimental pressures at different Lagrange positions with different partition thicknesses

Table 3 Parameters of reaction rate model

参数	数值	参数	数值
I	5.865×10¹¹	G₂	1256.72
a	8.550	e	0.333
b	1.742	g	0.979
x	5.438	z	4.750
G₁	907.535	λ_I_,max	0.3
c	7.327	$λ G 1, m a x$	0.5
d	0.941	$λ G 2, m a x$	0.5
y	1.0

Table 3 Parameters of reaction rate model

参数	数值	参数	数值
I	5.865×10¹¹	G₂	1256.72
a	8.550	e	0.333
b	1.742	g	0.979
x	5.438	z	4.750
G₁	907.535	λ_I_,max	0.3
c	7.327	$λ G 1, m a x$	0.5
d	0.941	$λ G 2, m a x$	0.5
y	1.0

Fig.7 Detonation diameter effect test system of step charge

Table 4 Explosive sample specifications of critical diameter

炸药配方	尺寸/mm	数量
	ϕ10×10	4
C-1混合炸药	ϕ8×8	4
	ϕ6×6	4

Fig.8 Samples of C-l explosive for detonation diameter effect test

Fig.9 Probe assembly diagram

Table 5 Experimental parameters and results

序号	药柱直径/mm	探针编号	触发时刻/ms	平均爆速/ (m·s^-1)
		1	97.95
		2	99.10
	10	3	100.25	8794.46
		4	101.35
		5	102.50
1		6	103.45
	8	7	104.35	8538.01
		8	105.30
		9	106.25
		10	106.95
	6	11	107.70	8428.57
		12	108.40
		13	109.10
		1	98.40
		2	99.50
	10	3	100.65	8893.28
		4
		5	103.0
		6	103.95
2	8	7		8496.24
		8
		9	106.05
		10
	6	11	108.0	8285.71
		12	108.70
		13	109.45

Fig.10 3D scanning results of final deformation of witness board

Fig.11 3D finite element model

Fig.12 Detonation propagation process of step charge

Fig.13 Comparison between experimental and simulated results of step charge detonation

Fig.14 Two-dimensional model of unconstrained charge

Fig.15 Grid sensitivity analysis

Fig.16 Simulated results of detonation propagation process

Fig.17 Relationship among detonation velocities and diameters of C-l explosive and two typical second-generation explosives

Fig.18 Reciprocal fitting curves of detonation velocities and grain radii of three kinds of explosives

Fig.19 Reciprocal fitting curves of detonation velocities and grain radii of three kinds of explosives

Fig.20 ZND model of detonation

Table 6 Key parameters of reaction rate model for three kinds of explosives

炸药	d_cr/ mm	D_J/ (mm·μs^-1)	G₁	G₂	I
C-1	1.34	9.1	907.535	1256.72	5.865×10¹¹
PBX9404	1.27	8.776	3.1	400	7.43×10¹¹
PBX9502	2.3	7.706	1100	30	4.01×10⁶

Fig.21 Two-dimensional finite element model with different constraints

Fig.22 Effect of constraint on detonation velocity of grain with different diameters

References 31

[1]	LIU D W, SUN J, HUANG D G, et al. Research on development status and technology trend of intelligent autonomous ammunition[J]. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2021, 1721: 012032.
[2]	樊晨霄, 姚跃民, 薛普, 等. 小型低成本精确制导弹药技术现状及发展趋势[J]. 战术导弹技术, 2020(1): 39-46.
	FAN C X, YAO Y M, XUE P, et al. Technics development situation of the low-cost precision guided ammunition[J]. Tactical Missile Technology, 2020(1): 39-46. (in Chinese)
[3]	解瑞珍, 褚恩义, 戴旭涵, 等. 微起爆序列设计及传爆与隔爆性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(6): 1178-1184. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.007
	XIE R Z, CHU E Y, DAI X H, et al. Design and detonation transfer/explosion interruption performance of micro initiation train[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(6): 1178-1184. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.007
[4]	SMIRNOV E B, AVERIN A N, LOBOIKO B G, et al. Dynamics of the detonation-wave front in solid explosives[J]. Combustion Explosion & Shock Waves, 2012, 48(3):309-318.
[5]	TAO W J, HUAN S, HUANG F L, et al. Lateral rarefaction wave effects on shock initiation of heterogeneous condensed explosives[J]. Explosion & Shock Waves, 2011, 31(4):397-401.
[6]	PETEL O E, MACK D, HIGGINS A J, et al. Comparison of the detonation failure mechanism in homogeneous and heterogeneous explosives[C]// Proceedings of the 13th Symposium (International) on Detonation. Arlington, TX, US: Office of Naval Research, 2006: 2-11.
[7]	陆春荣, 刘玉存. RDX的粒度对临界截面积的影响[J]. 华北工学院学报, 2004, 25(5):368-370.
	LU C R, LIU Y C. Effect of RDX particle size on critical diameter[J]. Journal of North China Institute of Technology, 2004, 25(5):368-370. (in Chinese)
[8]	KENNEDY J E, LEE K Y, SON S F, et al. Second-harmonic generation and the shock sensitivity of TATB[J]. Proceedings of the Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, 2000, 505(1): 711-714.
[9]	OLLES J, WIXOM R, KNEPPER R, et al. Comparison of detonation spreading in pressed ultra-fine and nano-TATB[C]// APS Shock Compression of Condensed Matter Meeting Abstracts. St. Louis, MO, US: American Physical Society, 2017, 62(9): B2. 003.
[10]	SUN X X, YAN C A, MI X C, et al. Critical tube diameter for quasi-detonations[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2022, 244:112280.
[11]	李科斌, 李晓杰, 闫鸿浩, 等. 一种测量工业炸药临界直径和临界厚度的连续电阻丝探针法[J]. 含能材料, 2018, 26(7):620-625.
	LI K B, LI X J, YAN H H, et al. A continuous resistance wire probe method for measuring critical diameter and critical thickness of industrial explosives[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials, 2018, 26(7):620-625. (in Chinese)
[12]	张伟, 周霖, 张向荣, 等. 2,4-二硝基茴香醚基含铝熔铸炸药爆轰临界直径的实验研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2017, 38(4): 690-694. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.04.009
	ZHANG W, ZHOU L, ZHANG X R, et al. Experimental study of critical diameter of DNAN-based aluminized melt-cast explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2017, 38(4): 690-694. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.04.009
[13]	KESHAVARZ M H, KLAPTKE T M. A novel method for prediction of the critical diameter of solid pure and composite high explosives to assess their explosion safety in an industrial setting[J]. Journal of Energetic Materials, 2019, 37(3): 331-339.
[14]	刘玉存, 于国强, 董国庆, 等. 黑索今爆轰临界厚度的神经网络预测研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2010, 31(10): 1394-1397.
	LIU Y C, YU G Q, DONG G Q, et al. Research on artificial neural network-based prediction model for the critical thickness of RDX[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2010, 31(10): 1394-1397. (in Chinese)
[15]	冯志红, 刘玉存. 炸药粒度对爆轰传播性能的研究[J]. 四川兵工学报, 2007, 28(1): 21-22.
	FENG Z H, LIU Y C. Study on the effect of explosive particle size on detonation propagation[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2007, 28(1): 21-22. (in Chinese)
[16]	TARVER C M, HALLQUIST J O, ERICKSON L M. Modeling of short pulse duration shock initiation of solid explosive[C]// Proceedings of the 8th International Detonation Symposium. Albuquerque, NM, US: The Combustion Institute, 1985: 884.
[17]	TARVER C M, CHIDESTER S. Ignition and growth modeling of detonating TATB cones and arcs[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2007, 955(1):429-432.
[18]	DUAN Z P, LIU Y, PI A G, et al. Foil-like manganin gauges for dynamic high pressure measurements[J]. Measurement Science & Technology, 2011, 22(7): 075206.
[19]	WANG L Q. Influence of shaped charge structure parameters on the formation of linear explosively formed projectiles[J]. Defence Technology, 2022, 18(10): 1863-1874. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2021.08.005
[20]	王虹富, 白帆, 刘彦, 等. 爆炸冲击波作用下黑索今基含铝炸药的冲击点火反应速率模型[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(2): 327-339. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.02.011
	WANG H F, BAI F, LIU Y, et al. Ignition reaction rate model of RDX-based aluminized explosives under shock waves[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(2): 327-339. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.02.011
[21]	皮铮迪, 陈朗, 刘丹阳, 等. CL-20基混合炸药的冲击起爆特征[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2017, 37(6): 915-923.
	PI Z D, CHEN L, LIU D Y, et al. Shock initiation characteristics of CL-20-based mixed explosives[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2017, 37(6): 915-923. (in Chinese)
[22]	MOHOTTI D, WIJESOORIYA K, WECKERT S. A simplified approach to modelling blasts in computational fluid dynamics (CFD)[J]. Defence Technology, 2023, 23(5):19-34.
[23]	WU J, LIU J B, DU Y X. Experimental and numerical study on the flight and penetration properties of explosively-formed projectile[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2007, 34(7): 1147-1162.
[24]	陈刚, 陈小伟, 陈忠富, 等. A3钢钝头弹撞击45钢板破坏模式的数值分析[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2007, 27(5): 390-397.
	CHEN G, CHEN X W, CHEN Z F, et al. Numerical analysis of the failure mode of A3 steel blunt projectile impacting 45 steel plate[J]. Explosion and shock Waves, 2007, 27(5): 390-397. (in Chinese)
[25]	CRANE J, SHI X, XU R, et al. Natural gas versus methane: Ignition kinetics and detonation limit behavior in small tubes[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2022, 237:111719.
[26]	张伟. DNAN基熔铸炸药临界直径的影响因素研究[D]. 北京: 北京理工大学, 2016.
	ZHANG W. Study on the factors affecting the critical diameter of DNAN-based melt-cast explosives[D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2016. (in Chinese)
[27]	张宝平, 张庆明, 黄风雷. 爆轰物理学[M]. 北京: 兵器工业出版社, 2001.
	ZHANG B P, ZHANG Q M, HUANG F L. Detonation physics[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of Ordnance Industry, 2001. (in Chinese)
[28]	EYRING H, POWELL R E, DUFFY G H, et al. The stability of detonation[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1949, 45(1): 69-181.
[29]	BDZIL J B. The steady two-dimensional detonation[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1981, 108: 95-226.
[30]	WILKINS M L, SQUIER B, HALPERIN B. Equation of state for detonation products of PBX 9404 and LX04-01[J]. Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1965, 10(1): 769-778.
[31]	刘丹阳, 陈朗, 杨坤, 等. CL-20基炸药爆轰产物JWL状态方程实验标定方法研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2016, 37(增刊1): 141-145.
	LIU D Y, CHEN L, YANG K, et al. Calibration method of parameters in JWL equation of state for detonation products of CL-20-based explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2016, 37(S1): 141-145. (in Chinese)