Review of Tactical-level Task Planning Method

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0719

Abstract

Abstract:

With the development of weapons and equipment towards diversification, versatility and systemization, modern warfare requires the increasingly high levels of command and decision-making in terms of overall planning, timeliness, and scientificity. The construction of task planning systems for major military powers is urgently needed and developed rapidly. In order to better promote the research of task planning systems, a comprehensive review is conducted on the tactical-level task planning methods. This paper reviews the development history of task planning systems and the methodological framework of tactical-level task planning, with a focus on summarizing the main implementation methods and future development directions of tactical-level task planning. In terms of the main implementation methods, the main methods involved in various aspects such as task description, task decomposition, task allocation and scheme evaluation are overviewed and analyzed. In terms of future development direction, the suggestions on standardization, universality, credibility, and other aspects are put forward.

Key words: tactical-level task planning, task decomposition, task allocation, scheme evaluation

CLC Number:

DU Weiwei, CHEN Xiaowei. Review of Tactical-level Task Planning Method[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(10): 3341-3355.

Figures/Tables 7

References 84

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序号	方法名称	特点	缺陷
1	基元任务描述方法	侧重对基元任务即原子任务进行描述,初步实现了作战任务规范化表示。	尚未实现对基元任务描述项如何进行格式化数据化描述,基元任务库的完备性和通用性难以满足。
2	基于DoDAF的作战任务描述方法	侧重对作战任务执行过程进行描述,初步构建了作战任务过程的描述框架。	产品和过程活动是复杂的信息聚合体,离工程化应用还有差距,需要进一步深入剖析。
3	基于模板的规范化描述方法	侧重面向具体场景针对性定义一套适用的任务元素,并通过设计模板实现对任务属性的规范化描述。	定义的元素跟应用场景紧相关,不具有普适性;模板中的各项属性也与应用场景紧相关。
4	基于UML的规范化建模	侧重研究任务要素的规范化展现方式,在可视化建模方面具有较好的通用性。	提供了规范化建模工具,但未提出对任务要素本身的数据化描述方法。
5	核心计划表示模型	侧重异构系统间交换作战计划时给出计划要素的表示方法。	表示计划要素的粒度较粗,并未规范化描述作战任务的每个具体要素。

序号	方法名称	特点	缺陷
1	基元任务描述方法	侧重对基元任务即原子任务进行描述,初步实现了作战任务规范化表示。	尚未实现对基元任务描述项如何进行格式化数据化描述,基元任务库的完备性和通用性难以满足。
2	基于DoDAF的作战任务描述方法	侧重对作战任务执行过程进行描述,初步构建了作战任务过程的描述框架。	产品和过程活动是复杂的信息聚合体,离工程化应用还有差距,需要进一步深入剖析。
3	基于模板的规范化描述方法	侧重面向具体场景针对性定义一套适用的任务元素,并通过设计模板实现对任务属性的规范化描述。	定义的元素跟应用场景紧相关,不具有普适性;模板中的各项属性也与应用场景紧相关。
4	基于UML的规范化建模	侧重研究任务要素的规范化展现方式,在可视化建模方面具有较好的通用性。	提供了规范化建模工具,但未提出对任务要素本身的数据化描述方法。
5	核心计划表示模型	侧重异构系统间交换作战计划时给出计划要素的表示方法。	表示计划要素的粒度较粗,并未规范化描述作战任务的每个具体要素。

序号	方法	特点	缺陷
1	时序逻辑公式	侧重描述任务之间的逻辑关系,支撑标识任务分解结果的时序关系。	仅描述任务逻辑关系,不能支撑实现任务自动分解。
2	流程网方法	侧重描述任务之间的流程关系,支撑标识任务分解结果依赖关系。	仅描述任务流程关系,不能支撑实现任务自动分解。
3	标准HTN方法	每个任务对应一个确定的分解模型,侧重应用于平台级任务分解,如无人机飞行航路规划、卫星轨道规划等。	战术级任务依赖指挥员艺术存在多种实现手段,确定性分解模型不适用于战术级任务分解。
4	扩展HTN方法	侧重基于标准HTN方法框架扩展领域知识,适用具体应用领域和不同指挥员的指挥艺术。	任务分解结果受领域知识影响大,领域知识对设计人员的要求很高;仅生成一种分解方案。
5	增强HTN方法	侧重基于标准HTN方法完善流程和增加功能,实现提高任务分解效率,保证分解结果的可行性和最优性。	模型构建需要耗费大量人力,模型的设计质量决定了任务分解结果的好坏。
6	多约束循环优化方法	侧重解决传统方法依赖主观经验导致分解结果随意性和不确定性,通过构建全局作战任务空间并结合任务执行主体能力属性,保证分解结果的收敛性和可行性。	全局作战任务空间构建的全面性不好保证;需要构建众多专业模型算法,模型算法的设计质量决定了任务分解结果的好坏。

序号	方法	特点	缺陷
1	时序逻辑公式	侧重描述任务之间的逻辑关系,支撑标识任务分解结果的时序关系。	仅描述任务逻辑关系,不能支撑实现任务自动分解。
2	流程网方法	侧重描述任务之间的流程关系,支撑标识任务分解结果依赖关系。	仅描述任务流程关系,不能支撑实现任务自动分解。
3	标准HTN方法	每个任务对应一个确定的分解模型,侧重应用于平台级任务分解,如无人机飞行航路规划、卫星轨道规划等。	战术级任务依赖指挥员艺术存在多种实现手段,确定性分解模型不适用于战术级任务分解。
4	扩展HTN方法	侧重基于标准HTN方法框架扩展领域知识,适用具体应用领域和不同指挥员的指挥艺术。	任务分解结果受领域知识影响大,领域知识对设计人员的要求很高;仅生成一种分解方案。
5	增强HTN方法	侧重基于标准HTN方法完善流程和增加功能,实现提高任务分解效率,保证分解结果的可行性和最优性。	模型构建需要耗费大量人力,模型的设计质量决定了任务分解结果的好坏。
6	多约束循环优化方法	侧重解决传统方法依赖主观经验导致分解结果随意性和不确定性,通过构建全局作战任务空间并结合任务执行主体能力属性,保证分解结果的收敛性和可行性。	全局作战任务空间构建的全面性不好保证;需要构建众多专业模型算法,模型算法的设计质量决定了任务分解结果的好坏。

序号	方法类型	方法名称	特点	缺陷
		专家评估法	侧重利用人的经验进行评估,简洁直观,容易实现且便于工程化应用。	受专家的领域知识限制,人为因素影响大,具有很强的主观性。
1	作战资源需求分析	统计分析法	侧重对已有数据进行统计,操作实现比较容易。	数据规范性和积累机制不完善,难以落地应用,不适合复杂的作战问题。
		作战模拟法	侧重通过模拟不确定事件,相对全面反映实际战场情况。	仿真模型建设周期长,模型的可信度难以保证,对作战模型、作战数据及设计人员的要求高。
		火力优化分配 (解析模型)	侧重解决静态的确定性问题,能够应用于不同领域的任务分配建模,如地面火力、空中火力等。	难以对战场环境动态变化的复杂战争问题建立有效模型,难以解决非线性问题。
2	任务自动分配方法	火力优化分配 (智能算法)	侧重通过引入智能计算方法适应战场动态变化的特性,如GA、PSO、混合智能算法等。	面对复杂多变的环境时,算法参数的设定和自适应调整具有很大的技巧性和困难性。
		集群协同任务分配	侧重面向多平台协同作战场景,通过智能计算方法解决多平台之间的任务分配问题,任务和平台都比较明确。	面向战术级任务分配的执行力量存在多种群(队)组合、执行主体规模不明确的情况,缺少有效的解决手段。