Thermal Reactivity and Combustion Performances of Al/Ti-based Nano-composite Fuels

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0132

Abstract

Abstract:

To effectively promote the intermetallic reaction between Al and Ti, two types of core-shell structured nanocomposite fuels have been prepared by using the high-energy ball milling method, namely Al/Ti@AP/NC and Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20. The quality of the coating layers of AP/NC and PVDF/CL-20 on the surface of Al/Ti is inspected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal reactivity, heat of reaction and combustion performances of Al/Ti-based composite fuels are evaluated by DSC/TG thermal analyses, a bomb calorimeter, and a customized combustion diagnostic system. The morphologies and compositions of the condensed combustion products (CCPs) are characterized by SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. Results show that the core-shell structured Al/Ti@AP/NC and Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20 could be obtained by high-energy ball milling method. The thermal decomposition of the energetic composites is enhanced with the introduction of Al/Ti. Furthermore, the intermetallic reaction between Al and Ti, burning rate, and the combustion wave temperature could be enhanced with the inclusions of AP/NC or PVDF/CL-20. In particular, for the composite fuel coated with AP/NC, the burning rate (246.6mm·s^-1) is increased by 9.5 times and the combustion wave temperature (1703.2℃) is 59.3% higher compared to that of pure Al/Ti (the burning rate and combustion wave temperature are 23.5mm·s^-1 and 1069.3℃, respectively). The compositions of the CCPs depend on the types of energetic coating layers, which are dominated with AlTi₂C and Ti(O_0.19C_0.53N_0.32), indicating that chemical reactions occur between Al/Ti and energetic composites during the combustion process.

Key words: nano-composite fuels, Al/Ti, combustion performance

YANG Sulan, ZHANG Haorui, NIE Hongqi, YAN Qilong. Thermal Reactivity and Combustion Performances of Al/Ti-based Nano-composite Fuels[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(4): 1118-1125.

Figures/Tables 10

References 26

[1]	胡榕, 姜春兰, 毛亮, 等. Al粒径对富铝聚四氟乙烯基铝活性材料冲击反应性能的影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2022, 43(1):48-56.
	HU R, JIANG C L, MAO L, et al. Effect of Al particle size on the shock-induced reaction characteristics of Al-rich PTFE/Al composites[J]. Acta Armarmentaril, 2022, 43(1):48-56. (in Chinesse)
[2]	NIE H, PISHARATH S, HNG H H. Combustion of fluoropolymer coated Al and Al-Mg alloy powders[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 220:394-406. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.07.016 URL
[3]	冯晓军, 薛乐星, 冯博, 等. “外嵌内包”微结构的奥克托今/铝复合粒子制备及其应用性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(8):1631-1637. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.08.007
	FENG X J, XUE L X, FENG B, et al. Preparation of HMX/Al composite particles with “surface embedded and inner coated” microstructure by spray coating and its applied performance[J]. Acta Armarmentaril, 2021, 42(8):1631-1637.(in Chinesse)
[4]	LÜ J Y, YANG S L, YAN Q L, et al. Burning rate modulation for composite propellants by interfacial control of Al@AP with precise catalysis of CuO[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2022, 240:112029. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112029 URL
[5]	TANG D Y, FAN Z M, YAN Q L, et al. Combustion performance of composite propellants containing core-shell Al@M(IO₃) metastable composites[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 219:33-43. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.04.027 URL
[6]	CHEN S, HE W, YAN Q L, et al. Thermal behavior of graphene oxide and its stabilization effects on transition metal complexes of triaminoguanidine[J]. Jouranl of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 368:404-411.
[7]	HUANG S D, HONG S, SU Y C, et al. Enhancing combustion performance of nano-Al/PVDF composites with β-PVDF[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 219:467-77. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.06.011 URL
[8]	王维伦, 李建民, 杨荣杰, 等. 含氟有机添加剂对铝聚醚推进剂燃烧凝聚相产物的影响[J]. 兵工学报, 2017, 38(4):704-710. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.04.011
	WANG W L, LI J M, YANG R J, et al. Influence of organic fluorine—contained additives on condensed combustion products of aluminized polyether propellants[J]. Acta Armarmentaril, 2017, 38(4):704-710. (in Chinesse)
[9]	YANG S L, MENG K J, YAN Q L, et al. Thermal reactivity of metastable metal-based fuel Al/Co/AP: mutual interaction mechanisms of the components[J]. Fuel, 2022, 315:123203. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123203 URL
[10]	YAN Y C, SHI W, JIANG H C, et al. Fabrication and Characterization of Al/NiO Energetic Nanomultilayers[J]. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015, 2015: 964135.
[11]	YAVOR Y, GANY A. Effect of nickel coating on aluminum combustion and agglomeration in solid propellants[C]//Proceedings of the 44th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Harford, CT, US:AIAA, 2008:2008-5255.
[12]	ZHANG K L, CHOU S K, ANG S S, et al. A MEMS-based solid propellant microthruster with Au/Ti igniter[J]. Sensors and Actuators A:Physical, 2005, 122(1):113-123. doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2005.04.021 URL
[13]	李鑫, 赵凤起, 郝海霞, 等. 不同类型微/纳米铝粉点火燃烧特性研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2014, 35(5):640-647. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2014.05.010
	LIX, ZHAO F Q, HAO H Q, et al. Research on ignition and combustion properties of different micro/nano-aluminum powders[J]. Acta Armarmentaril, 2014, 35(5):640-647.(in Chinesse)
[14]	CHENG Z P, CHU X Z, YIN J Z, et al. Formation of composite fuels by coating aluminum powder with a cobalt nanocatalyst: enhanced heat release and catalytic performance[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 385:123859. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123859 URL
[15]	CHEN W, JIANG W, LI P Y, et al. Ignition and combustion of super-reactive thermites of AlMg/KMnO₄[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2013, 42(12):2458-2461. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5372(14)60038-2 URL
[16]	BOCANEGRA P E, CHAUVEAU C, GÖKALP I. Experimental studies on the burning of coated and uncoated micro and nano-sized aluminium particles[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2007, 11(1):33-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2006.10.005 URL
[17]	ALY Y, HOFFMAN V K, DREIZIN E L, et al. Preparation, ignition, and combustion of mechanically alloyed Al-Mg powders with customized particle sizes[J]. MRS Online Proceeding Library Archive, 2013, 160(4):835-842.
[18]	MURSALAT M, SCHOENITZ M, DREIZIN E L. Composite Al·Ti powders prepared by high-energy milling with different process controls agents[J]. Advance Powder Technology, 2019, 30(7):1319-1328.
[19]	REESE D, GROVEN L, MUKASYAN A, et al. Intermetallic compounds as fuels for composite rocket propellants[C]//Proceedings of the 47th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. San Diego, CA, US:AIAA, 2011:2011-5865.
[20]	SHOSHIN Y L, TRUNOV M A, ZHU X, et al. Ignition of aluminum-rich Al-Ti mechanical alloys in air[J]. Combust and Flame, 2006, 144(4):688-697. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.08.037 URL
[21]	ALY Y, HOFFMAN V K, SCHOENITZ M, et al. Reactive, mechanically alloyed Al·Mg powders with customized particle sizes and compositions[J]. Jouranl of Propulsion and Power, 2014, 30(1):96-104.
[22]	KEITH B, MICHELLE L, Alexander E. Combustion wave speeds of nano composite Al/Fe₂O₃:the effects of Fe₂O₃ particle synthesis technique[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2005, 140(4):299-309. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.10.009 URL
[23]	HE W, LIU P J, YAN Q L, et al. Highly reactive metastable intermixed composites(MICs): preparation and characterization[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(41):e1706293.
[24]	GLOTOV O G, YAGODNIKOV D A, VOROB’EV V S, et al. Ignition, combustion, and agglomeration of encapsulated aluminum particles in a composite solid propellant.Ⅱ.experimental studies of agglomeration[J]. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2007, 43(3):320-333. doi: 10.1007/s10573-007-0045-y URL
[25]	YANG S L, MENG K J, YAN Q L, et al. Tuning the reactivity of Al-Ni by fine coating of halogen-containing energetic composites[J]. Defence Technology, 2022, 8 (10):1810-1821.
[26]	HE W, LI Z H, CHEN S, et al. Energetic metastable n-Al@PVDF/EMOF composite nanofibers with improved combustion performances[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 383: 123146. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123146 URL

样本	组成
样本	Al	Ti	AP	NC	PVDF	CL-20
Al/Ti	36.06	63.94
Al/Ti@AP/NC	32.46	57.54	6.67	3.33
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20	32.46	57.54			1.43	8.57

样本	组成
样本	Al	Ti	AP	NC	PVDF	CL-20
Al/Ti	36.06	63.94
Al/Ti@AP/NC	32.46	57.54	6.67	3.33
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20	32.46	57.54			1.43	8.57

样本	T₀/ ℃	T_p / ℃	T_e/ ℃	ΔH/ (J·g^-1)
AP-1^st	268.4	299.3	311.0	266.4
AP-2^nd	361.3	396.1	407.1	159.5
NC	197.2	212.9	230.6	1657.0
AP/NC-1^st	196.0	213.2	223.5	51.2
AP/NC-2^nd	293.5	312.9	335.8	84.0
AP/NC-3^rd	356.7	386.3	410.2	530.5
PVDF	468.5	503.4	569.9	296
CL-20	236.9	237.9	275.5	658.5
PVDF/CL-20-1^st	237.5	238.2	261.7	414.8
PVDF/CL-20-2^nd	479.8	496.6	508.6	40.9
Al/Ti	515.8	570.9	628.2	164.1
Al/Ti@AP/NC-1^st	188.4	206.0	234.1	13.4
Al/Ti@AP/NC-2^nd	248.2	298.1	313.5	145.9
Al/Ti@AP/NC-3^rd	644.1	640.5	658.6	218.5
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20-1^st	210.9	228.7	242.5	59.8
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20-2^nd	471.5	485.0	503.7	15.3
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20-3^rd	621.9	641.5	659.2	211.7

样本	T₀/ ℃	T_p / ℃	T_e/ ℃	ΔH/ (J·g^-1)
AP-1^st	268.4	299.3	311.0	266.4
AP-2^nd	361.3	396.1	407.1	159.5
NC	197.2	212.9	230.6	1657.0
AP/NC-1^st	196.0	213.2	223.5	51.2
AP/NC-2^nd	293.5	312.9	335.8	84.0
AP/NC-3^rd	356.7	386.3	410.2	530.5
PVDF	468.5	503.4	569.9	296
CL-20	236.9	237.9	275.5	658.5
PVDF/CL-20-1^st	237.5	238.2	261.7	414.8
PVDF/CL-20-2^nd	479.8	496.6	508.6	40.9
Al/Ti	515.8	570.9	628.2	164.1
Al/Ti@AP/NC-1^st	188.4	206.0	234.1	13.4
Al/Ti@AP/NC-2^nd	248.2	298.1	313.5	145.9
Al/Ti@AP/NC-3^rd	644.1	640.5	658.6	218.5
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20-1^st	210.9	228.7	242.5	59.8
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20-2^nd	471.5	485.0	503.7	15.3
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20-3^rd	621.9	641.5	659.2	211.7

样本	反应热/(J·g^-1)	误差/(J·g^-1)
Al/Ti	2331	±95
Al/Ti@AP/NC	3539	±85
Al/Ti@PVDF/CL-20	3490	±92