High-density Alloy Selection Criteria for Liners of Explosively Formed Projectiles

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2021.0826

Abstract

Abstract: To solve the problem of fragmentation failure of high-density alloys in explosively formed projectiles (EFPs), explosive loading tests are conducted on flyer plates of tungsten-nickel alloy with different tungsten contents. Based on the analysis of forming performance and failure mechanism of the tested materials, as well as common characteristics of traditional liner materials, the selection criteria for high-density alloy material for EFP liner are proposed. The criteria are verified by explosive loading forming and penetration tests. According to the results, the reason why tungsten-nickel alloy can hardly form a complete projectile is that, in the matrix, tungsten particles in the second phase can lead to dislocation accumulation at the phase boundary under large deformation state. This will cause inevitable stress concentration and result in material fracture through nucleation and microcrack growth. Thus, high-density alloy selected for manufacturing EFP liners should possess a single-phase structure of complete solid solution. And the solvent metal must have a ductile-brittle transition temperature lower than the temperature of the service environment if it has a non-face-centered cubic structure. Both the flyer plate and the liner made of the single-phase solid solution alloy selected in accordance with the above criterion can form complete penetrators. The experimental results are consistent with the expected results. Our research results can be used as the reference for the design, selection, and application of high-density alloys for EFP liners.

Key words: mutilationandammunitionengineering, explosivelyformedprojectile, linermaterial, high-densityalloy, selectioncriterion

CLC Number:

TJ410

FU Heng, JIANG Jianwei, WANG Shuyou, MEN Jianbing, LI Mei. High-density Alloy Selection Criteria for Liners of Explosively Formed Projectiles[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2022, 43(9): 2330-2338.

References

［1］王儒策，赵国志，杨绍卿.弹药工程[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社，2002.
WANG R C，ZHAO G Z，YANG S Q.Ammunition engineering[M].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press，2002.(in Chinese)
[2] 杨绍卿.灵巧弹药工程[M].北京:国防工业出版社，2010.
YANG S Q.Smart muniton engineering[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press，2010. (in Chinese)
[3] FONG R，KRAFT J，NG W, et al. Advances in non-tantalum EFP warhead designs[C]∥Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Ballistics.Adelaide，Australia:Defence Science and Technology Organisation，2004:721-727.
[4] PAPPU S，MURR L E.Hydrocode and microstructural analysis of explosively formed penetrators[J].Journal of Materials Science，2002，37(2): 233-248.
[5] 尹建平，王志军.弹药学[M].第2版.北京:北京理工大学出版社，2014.
YIN J P，WANG Z J.Ammunition theory[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press，2014. (in Chinese)
［6］丁力，蒋建伟，门建兵，等.爆炸成型弹丸成型过程中的断裂数值模拟及机理分析［J］.兵工学报，2017，38(3):417-423.
DING L，JIANG J W，MEN J B，et al.Numerical simulation and mechanism analysis of EFP's fracture in forming process［J］.Acta Armamentarii，2017，38(3): 417-423.(in Chinese)
[7] HELD M.Liners for shaped charges[J].Journal of Battlefield Technology，2001，4(3):1-7.
[8] 黄正祥.聚能装药理论与实践[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社，2014.
HUANG Z X.Theory and practice of shaped charge[M].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press，2014. (in Chinese)
[9] GUO W，LI S K，WANG F C，et al.Dynamic recrystallization of tungsten in a shaped charge liner[J].Scripta Materialia，Acta Materialia Inc.，2009，60(5): 329-332.
[10] BAI X，LIU J X，LI S K，et al.Effect of interaction mechanism between jet and target on penetration performance of shaped charge liner[J].Materials Science and Engineering A，2012，553:142-148.
[11] WANG F，JIANG J W，MEN J B，et al.Investigation on shaped charge jet density gradient for metal matrix composites: Experimental design and execution[J].International Journal of Impact Engineering，2017，109:311-320.
[12] HAN J L，CHEN X，DU Z H，et al.Application of W/Zr amorphous alloy for shaped charge liner[J].Materials Research Express，2019，6(11) 115209.
[13] DING L，JIANG J W，MEN J B，et al.Research on feasibility of several high density materials for EFP liner and material selection criteria[J].Propellants，Explosives，Pyrotechnics，2017，42(4):360-369.
[14] 苟瑞君，刘天生，王凤英.爆炸成型弹丸药型罩研究[J]. 爆炸与冲击，2003，23(3):259-261.
GOU R J，LIU T S，WANG F Y.Study on explosive formed projectile liners[J].Explosion and Shock Waves，2003，23(3):259-261.(in Chinese)
[15] 王玉玲，肖秀友，王效廉.爆炸成型弹丸药型罩的试验研究[J].弹箭与制导学报，2005，25(4):532-533.
WANG Y L，XIAO X Y，WANG X L.Experimental study on the explosively formed projectile liners[J].Journal of Projectiles，Rockets，Missiles and Guidance，2005，25(4):532-533. (in Chinese)
[16] WALTERS W P，ZUKAS J A.Fundamentals of shaped charges[M].New York，NY，US:Wiley & Sons，1989.
[17] 丁力.高密度爆炸成型弹丸罩材设计应用中的关键技术研究[D].北京：北京理工大学，2017.
DING L.Research on key technologies in design and application of high density materials used for liner of EFP [D].Beijing：Beijing Institute of Technology，2017.(in Chinese)
[18] WOODWARD R L，BALDWIN N J，BURCH I，et al.Effect of strain rate on the flow stress of three liquid phase sintered tungsten alloys[J].Metallurgical Transactions A，1985，16(11): 2031-2037.
[19] KIM D K，LEE S，NOH J W.Dynamic and quasi-static torsional behavior of tungsten heavy alloy specimens fabricated through sintering，heat-treatment，swaging and aging[J].Materials Science and Engineering A，1998，247(1/2):285-294.
[20] 王星，李树奎，王迎春，等.不同加载应变率下钨合金变形及破坏机理研究[J].北京理工大学学报，2010，30(11):1369-1373.
WANG X，LI S K，WANG Y C, et al.The deformation and fracture mechanism of tungsten alloy under different strain rates[J].Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology，2010，30(11):1369-1373.(in Chinese)
[21] 唐长国，陈文涛，朱金华.钨合金高应变率导致的塑性降低及微观机理[J].西安交通大学学报，1997，31(3):28-32.
TANG C G，CHEN W T，ZHU J H.The plasticity-decreasing induced by high strain rate of tungsten alloy[J].Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 1997，31(3):28-32. (in Chinese)
[22] CHURN K S，GERMAN R M.Fracture behavior of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys[J].Metallurgical Transactions A，1984，15A(2):331-338.
[23] GERMAN R M，HANAFEE J E，DIGIALLONARDO S L.Toughness variation with test temperature and cooling rate for liquid phase sintered W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe[J]. Metallurgical Transactions A，1984，15A (1): 121-128.
[24] RABIN B H，GERMAN R M.Microstructure effects on tensile properties of tungsten-nickel-iron composites[J].Metallurgical Transactions A，1988，19(6):1523-1532.
[25] O'DONNELL R G，ALKEMADE S J，WOODWARD R L.Effect of sinter duration on the mechanical properties of a tungsten alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science，1992，27(23): 6490-6494.
[26] 范景莲.钨合金及其制备新技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社，2006.
FAN J L.Tungsten alloy and its new preparation technology [M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press，2006.(in Chinese)
[27] 王树山.终点效应学[M].第2版.北京:科学出版社，2019.
WANG S S.Terminal effects[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Science Press，2019. (in Chinese)
[28] RAO A S，MANDA P，MOHAN M K，et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of vacuum induction melted as-cast 43Ni-29Fe-18W-10Co matrix alloy [J].Vacuum，2018，155:169-177.
[29] RAO A S，MANDA P，MOHAN M K，et al.Microstructure，texture，and mechanical behavior of as-cast Ni-Fe-W matrix alloy[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A:Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science，2018，49(4):1140-1151.
[30] RAO A S，MANDA P，MOHAN M K，et al.Microstructure，texture and mechanical properties of hot rolled and annealed Ni-Fe-W and Ni-Fe-W-Co matrix alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2018，742:937-951.
[31] RAO A S，MOHAN M K，SINGH A K.Characterization of Ni-Fe-W matrix alloys in as-cast and heat treated conditions[J].Materials Today:Proceedings，2018，5(2):3587-3594.
[32] ZHAO P，ZHENG L，YANG S F，et al.Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of a novel heavy density Ni-W-Co matrix alloy prepared by VIM/VAR[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2021，13:2459-2468.

[1]	REN Siyuan , ZHANG Qingming, ZHANG Xiaowei, TIAN Zhimin. On the Perforation Characteristics of Concrete Wall Induced by Annular Jet and Central EFP Combined Warhead [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(8): 1569-1579.
[2]	MEN Jianbing, NIE Yuan, JIANG Jianwei, WANG Shuyou, FENG Gaopeng. Matching Design Method of Tandem EFP for Anti-explosive Reactive Armor [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2020, 41(12): 2369-2378.
[3]	ZHANG Jin-hong， LI Ru-jiang, LIU Tian-sheng. Test and Numerical Simulation for Annular and Linear Shaped Charge Projectiles Interfering the Penetrating Process of Long RodPenetrators [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2018, 39(7): 1372-1378.
[4]	FAN Xue-fei, LI Wei-bing, WANG Xiao-ming, GUO Teng-fei, LI Rui. Simulation and Experimental Study of Tantalum Liner to Form Dual-mode Damage Element by Detonation [J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2017, 38(10): 1918-1925.