水下火炮气幕式发射膛口流场演化特性的数值分析

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.1041

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究水下火炮采用气幕式发射条件下的膛口流场演化特性,建立气幕式发射二维非稳态膛口两相流模型,并验证模型的正确性,随后对30mm滑膛式火炮气幕式发射的膛口初始射流流场及燃气射流流场进行数值模拟。计算结果表明:在弹丸推动作用下,弹前气幕向膛外扩展形成初始射流;初始射流先在膛口附近形成两道斜入射激波,并在中心轴线处发生正规反射,随着气幕内环境压力的衰减,两道入射激波又在近轴线区域发生非正规反射,形成初始射流瓶状激波结构;初始射流马赫盘位置基本保持不变,直径随时间呈线性增长,弹丸出膛后,火药燃气迅速向弹丸侧前方扩展,并快速吞噬初始射流马赫盘,在t=210μs时,入射激波首先在弹底壁面发生非正规反射,随后在靠近轴线处又发生两次非正规反射,形成双三波点的瓶状激波结构,燃气射流马赫盘轴向位移随时间呈指数衰减规律,直径呈现增长-突增-稳定的趋势。

关键词: 水下发射, 膛口流场, 激波反射, 瓶状激波, 马赫盘

Abstract:

A two-dimensional unsteady numerical model for the muzzle two-phase flow field is established to study the muzzle flow field characteristics of underwater gun using gas curtain launch. The accuracy of the numerical model is verified, and the initial jet flow field and gunpowder gas jet flow field at the muzzle of 30mm smoothbore gun using gas curtain launch are simulated. The numerically simulated results indicate that the gas curtain in front of the projectile expands out of the muzzle to form an initial jet under the propulsion of projectile, and two oblique incident shock waves generated by initial jet near the muzzle normally reflect at the central axis. As the ambient pressure within the gas curtain decays, two incident shock waves undergo Mach reflection at the central axis, resulting in the formation of a bottle-shaped shock wave structure then. The displacement of Mach disk of initial jet remains relatively constant, but it’s diameter linearly increases over time. Once the tail of projectile exits the muzzle, the gunpowder gas rapidly expands towards the front of projectile side, engulfing the Mach disk of initial jet. The incident shock waves of gunpowder gas jet undergo Mach reflection on the bottom wall of projectile at 210μs, followed by Mach reflection occurring twice near the central axis, leading to the formation of a bottle-shaped shock wave structure with double three-wave points. The displacement of Mach disk in the gunpowder gas jet demonstrates an exponential attenuation pattern over time, while the diameter exhibits a trend of “growth-sudden increase-stability”.

Key words: underwater launch, muzzle flow field, shock reflection, bottle-shaped shock wave, Mach disk

中图分类号:

柏雯斌, 余永刚, 张欣尉. 水下火炮气幕式发射膛口流场演化特性的数值分析[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(12): 4383-4394.

BAI Wenbin, YU Yonggang, ZHANG Xinwei. Numerical Analysis of Muzzle Flow Field Characteristics of Underwater Gun Using Gas Curtain Launch[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(12): 4383-4394.

图/表 22

图1 模拟射击平台

Fig.1 Simulation-firing platform

图2 弹丸结构俯视示意图

Fig.2 Top view of simulation projectile

图3 模拟发射过程中气液分布计算结果(右)与试验结果(左)对比

Fig.3 Comparison of the calculated (right) and experimental (left) results of gas-liquid distribution during simulated launch

图4 气幕头部轴向位移计算结果与试验结果对比

Fig.4 Comparison of the calculated and experimental displacements of gas curtain head during simulation launch

图5 二级燃烧室压力

Fig.5 Secondary combustion chamber pressure curve

图6 模拟弹丸速度

Fig.6 Simulated projectile velocity curve

图7 喷孔简化俯视示意图

Fig.7 Simplified top view of orifice

图8 气幕式发射膛口流场计算模型及初边条件

Fig.8 Computational model for the muzzle flow field generated by gas curtain launch

图9 网格局部放大示意图

Fig.9 Partial enlarged view of grids

图10 参考点P点压力随时间变化

Fig.10 Pressure curve of reference point P over time

图11 弹丸启动时刻膛口气幕相图

Fig.11 Phase nephogram of gas curtain during launch

图12 初始射流膛口马赫数云图(上)及流线图(下)

Fig.12 Mach number nephogram (above) and streamlines (below) of initial jet

图13 初始射流膛口压力云图(上)及纹影图(下)

Fig.13 Pressure nephogram (above) and shadowgraph (below) of initial jet

图14 初始射流马赫盘直径随时间变化

Fig.14 Mach disk diameter of initial jet versus time

图15 初始射流膛口压力随时间变化

Fig.15 Muzzle pressure of initial jet versus time

图16 燃气射流膛口马赫数云图(上)及流线图(下)

Fig.16 Mach number nephogram (above) and streamlines (below) of gunpowder gas jet

图17 燃气射流膛口压力云图(上)及纹影图(下)

Fig.17 Pressure nephogram (above) and shadowgraph (below) of gunpowder gas jet

图18 不同时刻中心轴线压力分布

Fig.18 Axial pressure distributions at different times

图19 燃气射流马赫盘距膛口位移随时间变化

Fig.19 Position of Mach disk of gunpowder gas jet versus time

图20 燃气射流膛口压力随时间变化

Fig.20 Muzzle pressure of gunpowder gas jet versus time

图21 燃气射流马赫盘直径随时间变化

Fig.21 Mach disk diameter of gunpowder gas jet versus time

图22 激波融合过程示意图

Fig.22 Schematic diagram of shock wave fusion process

参考文献 32

[1]	王雨舒, 吕续舰. 水下枪炮发射问题研究综述[J]. 装备环境工程, 2022, 19(5): 1-13.
	WANG Y S, LÜ X J. Review on underwater gun launching problems[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering, 2022, 19(5): 1-13. (in Chinese)
[2]	张旋, 余永刚, 张欣尉. 火炮在不同介质中发射的膛口流场特性分析[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2021, 41(10): 103-114.
	ZHANG X, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Analysis of muzzle flow field characteristics of gun fired in different media[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2021, 41(10): 103-114. (in Chinese)
[3]	KLINGENBERG G. Investigation of combustion pheno-mena associated with the flow of hot propellant gases[J]. Combustion and Flame, 1977, 29: 289-309.
[4]	郭则庆, 乔海涛, 姜孝海. 内埋式航炮膛口流场特性数值模拟研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2017, 38(12): 2373-2378. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.12.010
	GUO Z Q, QIAO H T, JIANG X H. Numerical simulation on the characteristics of muzzle flow field of embedded aircraft gun[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2017, 38(12): 2373-2378. (in Chinese)
[5]	GAO Y, NI Y J, WANG Z X, et al. Modeling and simulation of muzzle flow field of railgun with metal vapor and arc[J]. Defence Technology, 2020, 16(4): 802-810. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.09.007
[6]	朱冠南, 王争论, 马佳佳, 等. 低压环境下膛口冲击波实验研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2014, 35(6): 808-813. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2014.06.009
	ZHU G N, WANG Z L, MA J J, et al. Research on muzzle shock wave in low pressure environment[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2014, 35(6): 808-813. (in Chinese)
[7]	MOUMEN A, STIRBU B, GROSSEN J, et al. Particle image velocimetry for velocity measurement of muzzle flow: detailed experimental study[J]. Powder Technology, 2022, 405: 117509.
[8]	MOUMEN A, GROSSEN J, NDINDABAHIZI I, et al. Visualization and analysis of muzzle flow fields using the Background-Oriented Schlieren technique[J]. Journal of Visualization, 2020, 23(3):409-423.
[9]	游鹏, 周克栋, 赫雷, 等. 含运动弹头的手枪膛口射流噪声场特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(12): 2597-2605. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.12.007
	YOU P, ZHOU K D, HAO L, et al. Characteristics of muzzle jet noise field including moving bullet of a pistol[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(12): 2597-2605. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.12.007
[10]	缪伟, 尹强, 钱林方. 火炮后效期火药气体流空过程的近似计算方法[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(7): 1381-1391.
	MIAO W, YI Q, QIAN L F. An approximate calculation method for ejection of propellant gas during after-effect period of artillery[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(7): 1381-1391. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.07.005
[11]	LI Z J, WANG H, CHEN C S, et al. Numerical and experimental investigation into the evolution of the shock wave when a muzzle jet impacts a constrained moving body[J]. Defence Technology, 2024, 33: 317-326.
[12]	薛滨, 何永, 蒋鑫. 某小口径火炮多功能膛口装置流场数值仿真[J]. 兵工自动化, 2022, 41(12): 83-87.
	XUE B, HE Y, JIANG X. Numerical simulation of flow field in multifunctional muzzle device of small bore gun[J]. Ordnance Industry Automation, 2022, 41(12): 83-87. (in Chinese)
[13]	LI P F, ZHANG X B. Numerical research on adverse effect of muzzle flow formed by muzzle brake considering secondary combustion[J]. Defence Technology, 2021, 17(4): 1178-1189. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.06.019
[14]	刘育平, 李金新, 杨臻, 等. 水下炮内弹道分析与数值仿真[J]. 火炮发射与控制学报, 2007(4): 30-33.
	LIU Y P, LI J X, YANG Z, et al. Internal ballistic analysis and numerical simulation of underwater guns[J]. Journal of Gun Launch & Control, 2007(4): 30-33. (in Chinese)
[15]	兰晓龙. 水下枪械发射内弹道研究[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2014.
	LAN X L. The study on launch interior ballistics of underwater gun[D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2014. (in Chinese)
[16]	郭映华, 李瑞静, 刘伟, 等. 全浸式火炮内弹道参数优化设计[J]. 水下无人系统学报, 2021, 29(5): 616-620.
	GUO Y H, LI R J, LIU W, et al. Optimization design of interior trajectory parameters of fully-immersed artillery[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems, 2021, 29(5): 616-620. (in Chinese)
[17]	孟祥宇, 侯健, 秦一平, 等. 枪弹间隙对水下枪内弹道的影响[J]. 高压物理学报, 2020, 34(3): 145-157.
	MENG X Y, HOU J, QIN Y P, et al. Influence of interior ballistics for underwater guns with gun-bullet coupling gap[J]. Chinese High Pressure Physics, 2020, 34(3): 145-157. (in Chinese)
[18]	张京辉, 余永刚. 弹道枪不同水深下全淹没式发射膛口流场的数值分析[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2020, 40(10): 97-109.
	ZHANG J H, YU Y G. Numerical investigation on the muzzle flow field of an underwater submerged launched ballistic gun at different water depth[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2020, 40(10): 97-109. (in Chinese)
[19]	ZHANG J H, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Numerical investigation on the multiphase flow field at various muzzle velocities[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2022, 36(8): 4021-4032.
[20]	李超畅, 严平. 水下贴壁发射膛口动态过程仿真[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2023, 44(6): 140-147.
	LI C C, YAN P. Simulation of the dynamic process of underwater wall-attached launch muzzles[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2023, 44(6): 140-147. (in Chinese)
[21]	ZHANG X W, YU Y G. Numerical analysis of the influence of water/air medium on the muzzle flow field characteristics of machine gun[J]. AIP Advances, 2018, 8(7): 075311.
[22]	张旋, 余永刚, 张欣尉. 火炮在不同介质中发射的膛口流场特性分析[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2021, 41(10): 103-114.
	ZHANG X, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Analysis of muzzle flow field characteristics of gun fired in different media[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2021, 41(10): 103-114. (in Chinese)
[23]	张旋, 余永刚, 张欣尉. 基于流固耦合的瞬态多相流场特性研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2023, 59(16): 406-417. doi: 10.3901/JME.2023.16.406
	ZHANG X, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Research on transient multiphase flow field characteristics based on fluid-structure interaction[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 59(16): 406-417. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3901/JME.2023.16.406
[24]	ZHANG X, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Study on the characteristics of the transient flow field under different underwater environments[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2023, 35(9): 094118.
[25]	ZHANG X, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Numerical simulation and analysis of the 3D transient muzzle flow field of underwater artillery[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2023, 284: 115270.
[26]	胡志涛, 余永刚. 圆柱形充液室中4股贴壁燃气射流扩展特性的实验研究[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2016, 36(4): 465-471.
	HU Z T, YU Y G. Experimental study on the expansion characteristics of four wall-mounted gas jets in a cylindrical liquid-filled chamber[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2016, 36(4): 465-471. (in Chinese)
[27]	ZHAO J J, YU Y G. Flow structure of conical distributed multiple gas jets injected into a water chamber[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2017, 31(4): 1683-1691.
[28]	ZHOU L L, YU Y G. Study on the gas-curtain generation characteristics by the multiple gas jets in a liquid-filled tube[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2017, 64: 249-257.
[29]	HU Y B, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Groove structure on the drainage characteristics of the gas curtain[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 243: 110280.
[30]	ZHANG X W, YU Y G, ZHOU L L. Numerical study on the multiphase flow characteristics of gas curtain launch for underwater gun[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 134: 250-261.
[31]	HU Y B, YU Y G, ZHANG X W. Study on a new method for generating a gas curtain in the gas-curtain launching[J]. AIP Advances, 2022, 12(2): 025101.
[32]	李鸿志, 姜孝海, 王杨, 等. 中间弹道学[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2015: 31-33.
	LI H Z, JIANG X H, WANG Y, et al. Intermediate ballistics[M]. Beijing: Beijing University of Technology Press, 2015: 31-33. (in Chinese)