增材制造316L不锈钢球形破片的弹道性能

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0740

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索增材制造316L不锈钢球形破片的弹道性能,采用选择性激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)技术制造316L不锈钢材料毛坯,通过机加工、抛光等操作得到了直径12mm的增材制造316L不锈钢球形破片。开展打印态316L不锈钢材料的显微计算机断层扫描(Computed Tomography, CT)和静动态力学试验研究,获得了打印态316L不锈钢在材料沉积方向的Johnson-Cook(JC)模型参数,进行了增材制造和传统冷轧工艺制造的316L不锈钢球形破片侵彻6mm厚Q235钢靶的弹道试验。研究结果表明:增材制造球形破片的弹道极限速度比传统冷轧制造破片低2.5%左右,弹道性能有小幅提升,暗示了增材制造工艺用于制造战斗部预制破片的潜力;开展的数值仿真研究获得了与试验结果一致的剪切冲塞穿靶机理,仿真与试验穿靶速度数据比较吻合,弹道极限速度误差仅为1.4%左右,仿真结果也表明JC模型用于描述增材制造316L不锈钢材料穿靶行为的可行性。

关键词: 球形破片, 弹道性能, 316L不锈钢, 增材制造

Abstract:

The ballistic performance of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel (AM SS316L) spherical fragments is explored in this study. The SS316L blanks are printed by using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. AM SS316L spherical fragments with 12mm diameter are obtained by the machining and polishing processes. The micro-computed tomography (CT), static and dynamic mechanical tests of the as-built SS316L are conducted, and Johnson-Cook (JC) material parameters in the material deposition direction are obtained for SS316L materials. Hereafter, the ballistic test of AM and traditional cold-rolled SS316L fragments penetrating a 6.0mm-thick Q235 steel target is carried out. The test results show that the ballistic limit velocity of AM SS316L spherical fragments is lower than 2.5% than that of the cold-rolled fragments and its ballistic performance is slightly improved, indicating the potential of the AM technology in fabricating the pre-formed fragments. Finally, the numerically simulated results show a shear plugging mechanism consistent with experimental results. The simulated and test velocity perforation data have a good agreement, and the ballistic limit velocity error is only about 1.4%. At the same time, the simulated results also show that the JC model can be used to describe the perforation behaviors of AM SS316L materials.

Key words: spherical fragment, ballistic performance, 316L stainless steel, additive manufacturing

中图分类号:

TJ410.3

薛浩, 王涛, 黄广炎, 崔欣雨, 韩洪伟. 增材制造316L不锈钢球形破片的弹道性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(2): 395-406.

XUE Hao, WANG Tao, HUANG Guangyan, CUI Xinyu, HAN Hongwei. Ballistic Performance of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Spherical Fragments[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(2): 395-406.

图/表 24

表1 增材制造316L不锈钢的化学组分

Table 1 Chemical composition of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

元素	C	Cr	Fe	Mo	Ni	Mn
标准含量/%	≤0.03	16~18	其余	2~3	12~15	≤2
实际含量/%	0.022	17.16	其余	2.71	12.2	1.45

图1 316L不锈钢粉末的SEM图像

Fig.1 SEM images of 316L stainless steel powders

图2 球形破片打印及成型过程

Fig.2 Printing and forming process of spherical fragments

表2 增材制造316L不锈钢的打印参数

Table 2 Printing process parameters of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

激光能量/W	扫描层厚/mm	扫描速度/ (mm·s^-1)	扫描角度/(°)	扫描策略	扫描间距/mm
295	0.04	1000	135, 180, 225循环	Z字形	0.08

图3 横纵截面的显微CT图像

Fig.3 Micro-CT images of cross-section and longitudinal section

图4 不同力学试验使用的试样及尺寸

Fig.4 Specimens and dimensions used in different mechanical tests

图5 力学性能试验装置

Fig.5 Mechanical properties test device

图6 静动态力学试验结果

Fig.6 Static and dynamic mechanical test results

图7 A、B、n参数的拟合结果

Fig.7 Fitting results of A, B, n parameters

图8 缺口试样示意图

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of notched specimen

图9 失效应变与初始应力三轴度关系

Fig.9 The relationship between failure strain and initial stress triaxiality

图10 不同应变率下动态拉伸试验获得的应力-应变

Fig.10 True stress vs. true strain curves at different strain rates in a dynamic tensile test

图11 不同温度下在静态拉伸试验中得到的光滑圆棒真实应力-应变

Fig.11 True stress vs. true strain curves of smooth round bars obtained in static tensile tests at different temperatures

图12 弹道试验布局

Fig.12 Ballistic test layout

图13 球形破片侵彻过程

Fig.13 Penetration process of spherical fragment

表3 弹道试验结果

Table 3 Ballistic test results

破片	编号	v_i/(m·s^-1)	v_r/(m·s^-1)	穿靶状态
	A1	1025	462	穿透
	A2	1011	450	穿透
	A3	702	227	穿透
	A4	628	174	穿透
	A5	609	163	穿透
	A6	577	141	穿透
	A7	558	145	穿透
	A8	540	133	穿透
	A9	537	74	穿透
	A10	537	112	穿透
冷轧破片	A11	532	23	穿透
	A12	529	59	穿透
	A13	517	0	嵌入
	A14	515	0	嵌入
	A15	509	0	嵌入
	A16	508	0	嵌入
	A17	487	0	嵌入
	A18	477	0	嵌入
	A19	472	0	嵌入
	A20	449	0	嵌入
	A21	400	0	嵌入
	B1	1002	485	穿透
	B2	951	448	穿透
	B3	646	185	穿透
	B4	613	167	穿透
	B5	594	131	穿透
	B6	552	110	穿透
	B7	546	97	穿透
	B8	542	156	穿透
	B9	523	92	穿透
增材破片	B10	504	0	嵌入
	B11	496	0	嵌入
	B12	492	0	嵌入
	B13	477	0	嵌入
	B14	474	0	嵌入
	B15	453	0	嵌入
	B16	437	0	嵌入
	B17	434	0	嵌入
	B18	433	0	嵌入
	B19	431	0	嵌入

图14 球形破片变形模式

Fig.14 Deformation modes of spherical fragments

图15 两种破片的弹道极限曲线

Fig.15 Ballistic limit curves of two types of fragment

表4 两种工艺制造破片的拟合结果

Table 4 Fitting results for two types of fragment

工艺	a	v₅₀/(m·s^-1)	p_m	R²/%
冷轧	0.50	517	2.16	97.9
增材	0.57	504	1.82	98.3

图16 有限元模型

Fig.16 Finite element model

表5 Q235钢靶板的JC材料参数[26]

Table 5 JC material parameters of Q235 steel target plate[26]

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	E/ GPa	u	C_p/ (J·kg^-1·K^-1)	T_r/ K	T_m/ K	$ε 0 *$ / s^-1
7800	200	0.3	469	300	1795	1
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	m	D₁	D₂
410	20	0.08	0.1	0.55	0.3	0.9
D₃	D₄	D₅
2.8	0	0

表5 Q235钢靶板的JC材料参数[26]

Table 5 JC material parameters of Q235 steel target plate[26]

ρ/ (kg·m^-3)	E/ GPa	u	C_p/ (J·kg^-1·K^-1)	T_r/ K	T_m/ K	$ε 0 *$ / s^-1
7800	200	0.3	469	300	1795	1
A/MPa	B/MPa	n	C	m	D₁	D₂
410	20	0.08	0.1	0.55	0.3	0.9
D₃	D₄	D₅
2.8	0	0

表6 316L不锈钢破片和Q235钢靶板的状态方程参数[27]

Table 6 The equation of state parameters of 316L stainless steel fragments and Q235 steel target plate[27]

C₀/(m·s^-1)	S₁	γ₀	α
4578	1.36	1.67	0.45

图17 仿真和试验中增材破片初速和余速关系曲线

Fig.17 Relationship between the initial velocity and residual velocity of additively manufactured fragments in simulation and test

图18 316L不锈钢破片的侵彻云图

Fig.18 Penetration contours of 316L stainless steel fragment

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