喷水量及喷水位置对部分进气轴向涡轮机性能影响特性

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0305

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

增加涡轮机入口温度有助于提升涡轮机性能,然而受限于材料的耐热强度,一般需采取额外的冷却措施。用于水下航行器的部分进气涡轮机具有短叶片及小尺寸的特点,使其难以设置复杂冷却结构。利用航行器外部海水作为冷却介质,采用射流冲击方式冷却涡轮盘及叶栅,通过数值仿真研究了不同喷水量和喷水位置下的涡轮机性能。研究结果表明:轴向喷水为0.2kg/s时,轮盘前表面的最高温度降低40.1%,后表面的最高温度降低28.6%,轮盘的最大热应力降低33.8%;轴向喷水0.2kg/s的同时加入径向喷水0.1kg/s,轮盘前表面的最高温度降低46.2%,后表面的最高温度降低33.8%,轮盘的最大热应力降低36.7%;在相同径向喷水量下,涡轮机的效率以及轮盘前后表面的温度和热应力与轴向方向的冷却水量负相关。所得研究结果可为水下涡轮机的喷水冷却策略提供参考。

关键词: 部分进气轴向涡轮机, 水下航行器, 流-热耦合, 两相蒸发换热, 热应力, 热变形

Abstract:

High turbine inlet temperatures can enhance turbine performance, but they often require additional cooling methods due to limitations in disk materials.However, the compact size and short blades of turbines used in underwater vehicles can hardly accommodate complex cooling channels.To address this issue, partial admission axial impulse turbines can utilize seawater as the cooling medium.An alternative way is jet impingement cooling. In this study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method is proposed to investigate the performance of partial admission axial impulse turbines with different injection mass flow rates and positions.The results show that the maximum temperature of the front and back disks decreases by 40.1% and 28.6%, respectively, and the maximum thermal stress of the disk decreases by 33.8% when the axial injection mass flow is 0.2kg/s.When 0.2kg/s axial water is injected with 0.1kg/s radial water, the maximum temperature of the front and back disks decreases by 46.2% and 33.8%, respectively, and the maximum thermal stress of the disk decreases by 36.7%.The efficiency of turbine and the temperature and thermal stress of the front and back disks are negatively correlated with the cooling water mass flow rate in the axial direction under the same radial water flow. These findings can provide insights into the jet impingement cooling strategy for partial admission axial impulse turbines.

Key words: partial admission axial turbines, underwater vehicle, fluid-thermal simulation, evaporation heat transfer, thermal stress, thermal deformation

智若阳, 罗凯, 王瀚伟, 秦侃. 喷水量及喷水位置对部分进气轴向涡轮机性能影响特性[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(7): 2053-2065.

ZHI Ruoyang, LUO Kai, WANG Hanwei, QIN Kan. Effects of Injection Mass Flow Rate and Position on the Performance of Partial Admission Axial Impulse Turbines with Jet Impingement Cooling[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(7): 2053-2065.

图/表 29

图1 流-热耦合仿真方法流程

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the fluid-thermal simulation procedure

表1 Kiely等[20]轴向涡轮机的参数

Table 1 Parameters of the axial turbine from Kiely, et al[20]

参数	数值	参数	数值
喷管个数	5	叶片安放角/(°)	25
喷管喉部直径/mm	0.56	叶片个数	75
喷管出口直径/mm	1.27	叶片弦长/mm	1.88
喷管斜切角/(°)	15	叶片高度/mm	1.52
喷管扩张角/(°)	8	叶片边缘厚度/mm	0.08
叶片截距/mm	1.08	涡轮中径/mm	25.76

表2 Kiely等[20]轴向涡轮机的边界条件

Table 2 Boundary conditions of the axial turbine from Kiely, et al[20]

边界条件	数值
涡轮机转速/(r·min^-1)	435000
入口总温/K	1255
入口总压/MPa	2.068
出口静压/MPa	0.035

图2 实验涡轮的计算域网格

Fig.2 Computational domain of the experimental turbine

表3 仿真结果与实验参数对比

Table 3 Comparison between simulation results and experimental parameters

实验结果和仿真结果	输出功率/kW	内效率/%
实验结果	2.00	62.9
仿真结果	1.95	61.4

图3 对流换热实验原理图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of convection heat transfer experiments

图4 冷凝段的壁面温度

Fig.4 Wall temperature of the condensation section

图5 轴线温度对比

Fig.5 Axis temperature comparison

图6 涡轮喷水冷却实验装置

Fig.6 Experimental setup of turbine with jet impingement cooling

图7 部分进气涡轮的流体计算域

Fig.7 Fluid computational domain of partial admission turbine

表4 喷水冷却涡轮的边界条件

Table 4 Boundary conditions of turbine with jet impingement

边界条件	实验1	仿真1	实验2	仿真2	实验3	仿真3
喷管入口压力	1	输入	0.417	输入	0.542	输入
喷管入口温度	1	输入	1.038	输入	0.962	输入
出口静压	1	输入	0.692	输入	0.692	输入
涡轮机转速	1	输入	0.5	输入	0.6	输入
轴向喷水量	1	输入	0.75	输入	0.85	输入
轴向喷水温度	1	输入	1	输入	1	输入
径向喷水量	1	输入	1	输入	1	输入
径向喷水温度	1	输入	1	输入	1	输入

表5 仿真结果与喷水冷却实验结果对比

Table 5 Comparison between simulation and experimental results of jet impingement cooling

边界条件	实验1	仿真1	实验2	仿真2	实验3	仿真3
输出功率	1	1.005	0.233	0.248	0.417	0.462
测点温度	1	1.047	0.776	0.790	0.768	0.737

图8 验证喷管的几何模型及边界条件

Fig.8 Geometry and operating conditions for supersonic flow inside a cooled axisymmetric nozzle

图9 喷管外壁面的温度

Fig.9 Temperature input at the outer wall

图10 喷管内壁面温度分布比较

Fig.10 Temperature comparison at the inner wall

图11 部分进气涡轮的固体计算域

Fig.11 Solid computational domain of partial admission turbine

表6 冷却水的边界条件

Table 6 Boundary conditions of cooling water

工况	轴向喷水量/(kg·s^-1)	径向喷水量/(kg·s^-1)
1	0	0
2	0.2	0
3	0.1	0.1
4	0.2	0.1
5	0.3	0.1

表7 部分进气涡轮机边界条件

Table 7 Boundary conditions

流体域	边界条件	固体域	边界条件
入口总压/MPa	19	轴面温度/K	340.65
入口总温/K	1373	端面	绝热,固定面
出口静压/MPa	0.5	耦合面	对流换热系数由流体域得出
喷管	静止	密度/(kg·m^-3)	8226
出口段	静止	杨氏模量/GPa	191.72
交界面	冻结转子法	泊松比	0.4
耦合面	温度分布由固体域得出,无滑移	热膨胀系数/ K^-1	1.2596×10^-6
其他壁面	绝热,无滑移	导热系数/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)	13.2729
绝热指数	1.222
气体常数/ (kJ·kg^-1·K^-1)	0.369 8

表8 喷水涡轮的性能对比

Table 8 Performance comparison of turbines with jet impingement cooling

工况	1	2	3	4	5
效率/%	51.10	48.30	48.56	47.65	46.71

表9 工质进出口的速度

Table 9 Velocities at the inlet and outlet of the working medium

工况	c₁/ (m·s^-1)	w₁/ (m·s^-1)	c₂/ (m·s^-1)	w₂/ (m·s^-1)
1	1380.49	963.16	445.65	784.09
2	1315.12	896.63	383.01	716.56
3	1334.54	916.73	396.60	731.89
4	1307.65	888.85	379.52	713.20
5	1238.68	820.21	362.01	693.70

图12 动叶进出口速度三角形

Fig.12 Velocity triangle of rotor blade inlet and outlet

图13 涡轮盘的温度分布

Fig.13 Wheel temperature

图14 工作段转子截面液态水的质量分数

Fig.14 Mass fraction of liquid water in rotor section of working section

图15 涡轮盘前后表面沿径向温度分布对比

Fig.15 Comparison of temperature distribution of the wheel along the radial direction

图16 涡轮间隙中液态水的质量分数

Fig.16 Mass fraction of liquid water in the turbine clearance

图17 涡轮盘的热应力分布

Fig.17 Wheel thermal stress

图18 涡轮盘前后表面沿径向热应力分布对比

Fig.18 Comparison of thermal stress distribution of the wheel along the radial direction

图19 涡轮盘的热变形分布

Fig.19 Wheel thermal deformation

图20 涡轮盘前后表面沿径向热变形分布对比

Fig.20 Comparison of thermal deformation distribution of the wheel along the radial direction

参考文献 22

[1]	WANG H, LUO K, YANG Q, et al. A fluid-thermal analysis of partial admission axial turbines[C]//Proceedings of Global Power and Propulsion Society. Xi’an, China:GPPS, 2022.
[2]	刘亮亮, 竺晓程, 刘昊, 等. 纵向涡发生器对涡轮叶片前缘冲击冷却的影响[J]. 动力工程学报, 2018, 38(9):719-724,762.
	LIU L L, ZHU X C, LIU H, et al. Effect of longitudinal vortex generator on impingement cooling over leading edge of a gas turbine blade[J]. Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2018, 38(9):719-724,762. (in Chinese)
[3]	朱卫兵, 孙润鹏, 徐凌志, 等. 高压涡轮导向器叶片冲击冷却数值研究[J]. 推进技术, 2012, 33(5):710-718.
	ZHU W B, SUN R P, XU L Z, et al. Numerical study on impinging cooling for a high-pressure turbine blade[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2012, 33(5):710-718. (in Chinese)
[4]	阎鸿捷, 陈冠江, 饶宇. 涡轮叶片前缘冲击-气膜冷却流动传热实验[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2020, 41(12):2970-2976.
	YAN H J, CHEN G J, RAO Y. Experiment on flow and heat transfer of impingement-film cooling for leading edge of turbine blade[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2020, 41(12):2970-2976. (in Chinese)
[5]	LIU L L, ZHU X C, LIU H, et al. Effect of tangential jet impingement on blade leading edge impingement heat transfer[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 130:1380-1390. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.134 URL
[6]	席雷, 高建民, 徐亮, 等. 涡轮叶片前缘阵列冲击冷却流动及传热特性数值研究[J]. 工程热物理学报, 2021, 42(2):430-437.
	XI L, GAO J M, XU L, et al. Numerical study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of jet array impingement cooling in turbine blade leading edge[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2021, 42(2):430-437. (in Chinese)
[7]	姜澎, 黄洪雁, 冯国泰, 等. 水雾/蒸汽相变冲击冷却的数值模拟[J]. 哈尔滨工程大学学报, 2009, 30(10):1097-1101.
	JIANG P, HUANG H Y, FENG G T, et al. Numerically simulating mist/steam impingement cooling with phase change[J]. Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 2009, 30(10):1097-1101. (in Chinese)
[8]	叶纯杰, 潘红良. 湍流射流冲击移动平板的流动和传热分析[J]. 热能动力工程, 2011, 26(6):669-674.
	YE C J, PAN H L. Analysis of the flow and heat transfer on a moving flat plate impinged by a turbulent jet flow[J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2011, 26(6):669-674. (in Chinese)
[9]	METZGER D, GROCHOWSKY L. Heat transfer between an impinging jet and a rotating disk[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1977, 99(4):663-667. doi: 10.1115/1.3450761 URL
[10]	GUO D, WEI J J, ZHANG Y H. Enhanced flow boiling heat transfer with jet impingement on micro-pin-finned surfaces[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011, 31(11/12):2042-2051. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.03.017 URL
[11]	李炎军, 徐伟鹏, 刘振侠, 等. 滑油射流冲击旋转壁面的流动换热数值模拟研究[J]. 推进技术, 2022, 43(1):246-253.
	LI Y J, XU W P, LIU Z X, et al. Numerical study of flow and heat transfer characteristics of oil jet impingement on rotating wall[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2022, 43(1):246-253. (in Chinese)
[12]	卢康博, 马超, 白战术, 等. 微型燃气轮机涡轮背盘冲击冷却特性研究[J]. 热科学与技术, 2020, 19(1):55-63.
	LU K B, MA C, BAI Z S, et al. Impingement cooling performance of back-disk in micro gas turbine[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 2020, 19(1):55-63. (in Chinese)
[13]	赵瑞勇, 陈晖, 刘军年, 等. 基于流固耦合的部分进气涡轮数值模拟研究[J]. 火箭推进, 2015, 41(5):38-42.
	ZHAO R Y, CHEN H, LIU J N, et al. Numerical simulation method of partial admission turbine based on fluid-structure coupling[J]. Journal of Rocket Propulsion, 2015, 41(5):38-42. (in Chinese)
[14]	李磊, 敖良波, 李元生, 等. 船用高压比大流量增压器涡轮多学科设计优化[J]. 兵工学报, 2010, 31(5):574-579.
	LI L, AO L B, LI Y S, et al. Multidisciplinary design optimization for marine supercharger turbo[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2010, 31(5):574-579. (in Chinese)
[15]	肖炎彬, 史小锋, 伊寅, 等. 水下小型特种燃气轮机轮盘热-流耦合仿真分析[J]. 水下无人系统学报, 2019, 27(2): 206-211.
	XIAO Y B, SHI X F, YI Y, et al. Thermal-flow coupling simulation analysis of small and special underwater gas turbine disk[J]. Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems, 2019, 27(2):206-211. (in Chinese)
[16]	Ansys Inc. Ansysfluent user’s guide[M]. Pittsburgh,PA,US: Ansys Inc., 2020.
[17]	LEE W. A pressure iteration scheme for two-phase flow modeling[J]. Multiphase Transport Fundamentals. Reactor Safety,Applications, 1980, 1:407-431.
[18]	邱国栋, 蔡伟华, 吴志勇, 等. Lee相变传质方程中传质系数取值的分析[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2014, 46(12):15-19.
	QIU G D, CAI W H, WU Z Y, et al. Analysis on the value of coefficient of mass transfer with phase change in Lee’s equation[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2014, 46(12):15-19. (in Chinese)
[19]	PETERSON P, TIEN C. Miniature wet-bulb technique for measuring gas concentrations in condensing or evaporating systems[J]. Experimental Heat Transfer, 1987, 1(1):1-15. doi: 10.1080/08916158708946327 URL
[20]	KIELY D H, MOORE J T. Hydrocarbon fueled uuv power systems[C]//Proceedings of the 2002 Workshop on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. San Antonio,DX,US: IEEE, 2002:121-128.
[21]	KUHN S Z. Investigation of heat transfer from condensing steam-gas mixtures and turbulent films flowing downward inside a vertical tube[D]. Berkeley,CA,US: University of California, 1995.
[22]	BACK L, MASSIER P, GIER H. Convective heat transfer in a convergent-divergent nozzle[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1964, 7(5):549-568. doi: 10.1016/0017-9310(64)90052-3 URL