电磁轨道发射装置轨道表面损伤研究现状

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0128

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电磁轨道发射装置中,轨道与电枢是将电能转化为动能的核心部件,轨道与电枢之间具有大电流、强磁场、高相对速度、高温度、高压力等特征,从而不可避免地造成材料损失。总结近数十年来国内外电磁轨道发射装置中有关轨道表面损伤的研究情况。轨道表面损伤主要分为4种模式:沟槽、刨削、转捩烧蚀、熔蚀摩擦磨损,它们出现在不同的特征位置,具有不同的特征形状,在轨道表面造成不同程度的损伤。国内外科学家提出相应的理论与仿真模型解释其现象,并进行试验验证结果。基于仿真或试验结果改进结构、材料及驱动电流波形等,以避免或减轻轨道表面的损伤。电磁轨道发射装置内各物理量深度耦合、工况极端、测量手段有限、难以稳定重复发射,导致针对熔蚀摩擦的微量磨损没有较完善的研究报告。需要优化测量手段、建模方法,进而更深入研究损伤机理,建立完善的降损决策方法,并掌握轨道损伤演变的规律。

关键词: 电磁轨道发射装置, 电磁发射, 材料损伤, 枢轨接触

Abstract:

Rails and armatures are critical components in electromagnetic rail launchers that convert electrical energy into kinetic energy. Due to high current, powerful magnetic fields, high relative speeds, intense heat, and immense pressure, these components inevitably experience material loss. This article provides a comprehensive review of domestic and international research conducted over the past few decades on surface damage to rails in electromagnetic rail launchers. The surface damage is mainly categorized into four types: grooving, gouging, transition ablation, and erosion wear. Each type exhibits distinct characteristics and occurs at different locations, resulting in varying degrees of material loss. Based on this, scientists put forward theories and models to explain and confirm the observed damage through experiments. To mitigate rail damage, structure, material and drive current waveform are modified. However, due to the deeply coupled system, extreme working conditions, limited measurements and the lack of valid experiments, few research about wear erosion has been reported. To understand the damage mechanism better, develop effective optimization strategies and unravel the process of damage evolution, the measurement and modeling methods should be improved.

Key words: electromagnetic rail launcher, material loss, electromagnetic launch, armature/rail contact

张嘉炜, 鲁军勇, 谭赛, 李白, 张永胜. 电磁轨道发射装置轨道表面损伤研究现状[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(7): 1908-1919.

ZHANG Jiawei, LU Junyong, TAN Sai, LI Bai, ZHANG Yongsheng. Research Status of Surface Damage in Rails for Electromagnetic Launchers[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(7): 1908-1919.

图/表 12

图1 典型沟槽损伤形貌[4]

Fig.1 Typical grooving damage appearance[4]

图2 典型刨削损伤形貌[15]

Fig.2 Typical gouging damage appearance[15]

图3 典型的转捩烧蚀损伤形貌[23]

Fig.3 Typical transition damage appearance[23]

图4 3次发射后的轨道状态

Fig.4 Rail situation after 3 shots

图5 轨道表面损伤位置与特征示意图

Fig.5 Rail surface damage graph

图6 过盈电枢的接触压力分布[33]

Fig.6 Interference contact pressure distribution[33]

图7 电流流线分布[51]

Fig.7 Current distribution[51]

图8 两种不同的固体电枢

Fig.8 Two kinds of solid armatures

图9 各个形状轨道的平顶段电流分布[66]

Fig.9 Current distribution in different types of rails[66]

图10 两种串联增强型轨道发射装置[68]

Fig.10 Two types of series-connected augmented EM launchers[68]

图11 润滑物储蓄腔电枢[43]

Fig. 11 Armature with lubricant storage[43]

图12 典型U型电枢发射前后对比[77]

Fig.12 Armatures before and after launch [77]

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