基于热力耦合的航空玻璃双向拉伸

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2022.0459

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提高航空玻璃双向拉伸质量和拉伸成功率,满足军用战机要求,对航空玻璃双向拉伸进行研究。基于黏弹性材料的热力耦合理论,利用时温等效性方程,以Prony级数形式模拟有机玻璃的黏弹特性。建立双向拉伸有限元模型,对有机玻璃双向拉伸中的加热、冷却过程进行温度场分析;将计算的温度场结果导入双向拉伸分析,根据仿真选取拉伸速度,得到9个夹具处的位移拉伸力曲线,并拟合出位移-拉伸力关系表达式;对拉伸后的有机玻璃进行冷却定型模拟,航空玻璃冷却产生的力达到拉伸力的约2倍,采用拉杆回缩的方式减小收缩力10000N,防止玻璃破裂或设备损坏。研究结果表明,35mm厚航空玻璃的双向拉伸试验结果与仿真结果一致,根据仿真结果优化拉伸工艺,提高了拉伸质量与成功率。

关键词: 航空玻璃, 黏弹性, 双向拉伸, 有限元仿真

Abstract:

This study focuses on enhancing the quality and success rate of biaxial stretching for aviation glass to meet the stringent requirements of military fighter applications. Based on the thermal mechanical coupling theory of viscoelastic materials, the viscoelastic properties of plexiglass are simulated in the form of Prony series by using the principle of WLF time temperature equivalence. The finite element model of biaxial stretching is established, and the temperature field of heating and cooling process in biaxial stretching of plexiglass is analyzed. The calculated temperature field results are introduced into the biaxial stretch dynamic analysis. The displacement and stretch force curves are obtained for 9 fixtures, and the displacement stretch force relationship expression is fitted. The cooling shaping simulation of the stretched plexiglass is carried out. The force generated by the cooling of aviation glass is about twice the stretch force. The retraction of the pull rod is adopted to reduce the shrinkage force of 10000N to prevent glass breakage or equipment damage. The biaxial stretch test results of 35mm thick aviation glass are consistent with the simulation results. The stretch process is optimized according to the simulation results, and the tensile quality and success rate are improved.

Key words: aviation glass, viscoelasticity, biaxial stretch, finite element simulation

中图分类号:

TH145.4

赵文辉, 白士欢, 高大勇, 李晓巍, 段振云. 基于热力耦合的航空玻璃双向拉伸[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(10): 3187-3194.

ZHAO Wenhui, BAI Shihuan, GAO Dayong, LI Xiaowei, DUAN Zhenyun. Thermal-Mechanical Analysis of the Biaxial Stretch of Aviation Glass[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(10): 3187-3194.

图/表 17

图1 有机玻璃温度-形变曲线

Fig.1 Temperature deformation curve of PMMA

图2 拉伸机整体模型

Fig.2 Stretching machine model

图3 夹紧装置

Fig.3 Clamping device

表1 有机玻璃Prony级数定义

Table 1 Definition of PMMA Prony series

编号	g_j	k_j	τ_j
1	0.2106	0.2106	7.92×10^-5
2	0.3385	0.3385	0.00612
3	0.2573	0.2573	0.179
4	0.1362	0.1362	2.67
5	0.0396	0.0396	27.5
6	0.0128	0.0128	216

图4 有机玻璃仿真模型

Fig.4 PMMA simulation model

表2 有机玻璃材料参数定义

Table 2 Definition of PMMA material parameters

材料参数	数值
密度/(kg·m^-3)	1190
杨氏模量/MPa	3650
泊松比	0.32
热导率/(w·m^-1·K^-1)	0.19
比热容/(J·kg^-1·K^-1)	1470

图5 不同加热时间玻璃板内部温度分布

Fig.5 Internal temperature distribution of the glass plate at different heating times

图6 冷却阶段夹紧区内外温度分布图

Fig.6 Temperature distribution inside and outside the clamping area in the cooling stage

图7 不同速度下拉伸力分布图

Fig.7 Distribution of stretch force at different speeds

图8 拉伸速度-拉伸力曲线图

Fig.8 Stretch speed-stretch force curve

图9 9个夹具处位移-拉伸力曲线

Fig.9 Displacement-stretch force curves at 9 clamps

图10 夹具1位移-拉伸力拟合结果

Fig.10 Fitting results of displacement stretch force

图11 自然冷却拉伸力结果

Fig.11 Natural cooling stretch force results

图12 拉伸试验设备

Fig.12 Stretch test equipment

图13 实时控制面板显示状态

Fig.13 Real time control panel status

图14 冷却23min仿真结果

Fig.14 Simulation results after 23min of cooling

图15 试验与仿真数据对比图

Fig.15 Comparison of experimental and simulation data

参考文献 22

[1]	曾国伟, 刘浩轩, 申国家, 等. 有机玻璃粘弹性损伤的模型实验[J]. 材料科学与工程学报, 2019, 37(5): 801-804,827.
	ZENG G W, LIU H X, SHEN G J, et al. Experimental research on viscoelastic damage constitutive model of PMMA[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, 37(5): 801-804,827. (in Chinese)
[2]	王旋, 徐金瑾, 侯乃丹, 等. 高速水射流冲击下航空有机玻璃损伤行为研究[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(11): 426067.
	WANG X, XU J J, HOU N D, et al. The damage behavior of aeronautical perspex (PMMA) under high-velocity water jet impact[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(11): 426067 (in Chinese)
[3]	葛攀峰, 张旸, 任强, 等. 丙烯酸酯三嵌段热塑性弹性体增韧有机玻璃[J]. 高分子材料科学与工程, 2017, 33(11): 108-111,138.
	GE P F, ZHANG Y, REN Q, et al. Toughening ofpoly(methyl methacrylate) by acrylate triblock thermoplastic elastomers[J]. Polymer Materials Science & Engineering, 2017, 33(11): 108-111,138. (in Chinese)
[4]	尚伟, 计欣华, 张博. 定向有机玻璃拉伸度的等达因法研究[J]. 机械强度, 2012, 34(4): 505-509.
	SHANG W, JI X H, ZHANG B. Investigation on percentage of stretch for directional PMMA by isodyne method[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2012, 34(4): 505-509. (in Chinese)
[5]	黎永生. 高透明韧性有机玻璃的研究[D]. 南昌: 南昌航空大学, 2011.
	LI Y S. Study of toughened organic glass with high transmittance[D]. Nanchang: Nanchang Hangkong University, 2011. (in Chinese)
[6]	余林华, 张明祖. PMMA增韧改性方法及机理[J]. 塑料科技, 2008(10): 96-99.
	YU L H, ZHANG M Z. Toughening technology and toughening mechanism of PMMA[J]. Plastics Science and Technology, 2008(10): 96-99. (in Chinese)
[7]	郭伟国, 史飞飞. 不同载荷方式下MDYB-3有机玻璃的变形与破坏行为[J]. 航空学报, 2008, 29(6): 112-120.
	GUO W G, SHI F F. Deformation and failure behavior of MDYB-3 oriented PMMA glass under different loading conditions[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2008, 29(6): 112-120 (in Chinese)
[8]	RANGANATHAN N, ANTO LAWRENCE F, RAJKUMAR S, et al. Influence of surface roughness on tribological and mechanical properties of micromilled and laser ablated poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA organic glass[J]. Polymer Testing, 2020, 81: 106184. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106184 URL
[9]	邓小秋, 李志强, 赵隆茂, 等. 有机玻璃力学性能的研究现状[J]. 力学与实践, 2014, 36(5): 540-550.
	DENG X Q, LI Z Q, ZHAO L M, et al. A review on mechanical behaviour of PMMA[J]. Mechanics in Engineering, 2014, 36(5): 540-550. (in Chinese)
[10]	ZHENG X L, WANG H, YAN J H. Notch strength and notch sensitivity of polymethyl methacrylate glasses[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2003, 349: 80-88. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00584-1 URL
[11]	阎立山. 有机玻璃双轴拉伸定向[J]. 航空工艺技术, 1991(1): 43-44.
	YAN L S. Biaxial oriented stretching of plexiglass[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 1991(1): 43-44 (in Chinese)
[12]	KIM I S, CHO H, SOHN K S, et al. A study on the severe crazing phenomenon of the PMMA canopy under prolonged exposure to tropical climates[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, 129: 105719. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105719 URL
[13]	赵景云, 张旋, 颜悦, 等. YB-DM-10航空定向有机玻璃疲劳裂纹扩展性能[J]. 材料工程, 2018, 46(8): 156-162. doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2017.000370
	ZHAO J Y, ZHANG X, YAN Y, et al. Fatigue crack propagation property of YB-DM-10 directional PMMA[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2018, 46(8): 156-162. (in Chinese)
[14]	乔巍, 姚卫星. 剪滞效应对复合材料固化变形影响的数值分析[J]. 中国机械工程, 2021, 32(5): 611-616,623.
	QIAO W, YAO W X. Numerical analysis of shearlag effect on curing deformation of composites[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 32(5): 611-616,623. (in Chinese)
[15]	张利敏, 王根全, 王延荣, 等. 某型柴油机活塞销轴承磨损分析及表面型线设计[J]. 兵工学报, 2018, 39(10): 1892-1900. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.10.003
	ZHANG L M, WANG G Q, WANG Y R, et al. Profiledesign and seizure analysis of piston pin bearing of a diesel engine[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2018, 39(10): 1892-1900. (in Chinese)
[16]	郑健龙, 钱国平, 应荣华. 沥青混合料热粘弹性本构关系试验测定及其力学应用[J]. 工程力学, 2008, 4(1): 34-41.
	ZHENG J L, QIAN G P, YING R H. Testing thermalviscoelastic constitutive relation of asphalt mixtures and its mechanical applications[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2008, 4(1): 34-41. (in Chinese)
[17]	CHATEL T, LE HOUEROU C, PELLETIER H, et al. Numerical analysis of the creep of the contact and recovery of the imprint on amorphous polymer surfaces[J]. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, 2013, 17(4): 581-595. doi: 10.1007/s11043-012-9205-x URL
[18]	PARK S W. Analytical modeling of viscoelastic dampers for structural and vibration control[J]. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2001, 38(44): 8065-8092. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7683(01)00026-9 URL
[19]	WARLUS S, PONTON A, LESLOUS A. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of silica alkoxide during the sol-gel transition[J]. The European Physical Journal, 2003, 12(2): 275-282. doi: 10.1088/0143-0807/12/6/006 URL
[20]	卫延斌, 史仪凯, 刘澎. 粘弹性材料剪切模量松弛函数的拟合研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2010, 31(10): 1409-1412.
	WEI Y B, SHI Y K, LIU P. Fitting research on the relaxation function of shear modulus for viscoelastic materials[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2010, 31(10): 1409-1412. (in Chinese)
[21]	白士欢. 航空有机玻璃拉伸机力学性能及拉伸工艺研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳工业大学, 2022.
	BAI S H. Research onstretch machine mechanical properties and stretching process of aviation plexiglass[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang University of Technology, 2022. (in Chinese)
[22]	YE H C, YU Y Y, ZHANG T. Simulation and optimization of roll to roll hot embossing based on viscoelastic material PMMA[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 768(4): 042024. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/768/4/042024