叶片高周疲劳裂纹声发射特征试验研究

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0537

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对叶片高周疲劳裂纹损伤过程无有效在线监测手段的难题,采用声发射新技术开展定幅载荷作用下叶片高周疲劳裂纹声发射在线监测试验研究,探索叶片裂纹萌生、扩展声发射信号特征演化规律。研究高周疲劳裂纹声发射参数、频谱特征,提出裂纹活性系数指标,将叶片高周疲劳裂纹分为裂纹萌生、亚稳态扩展、快速扩展3个阶段,在裂纹萌生结束及裂纹快速扩展阶段,裂纹活性系数明显增加,可以实现裂纹早期预警。采用广义S变换分析裂纹不同损伤阶段声发射信号频谱。研究结果表明:裂纹萌生时信号能量集中在90~160kHz,裂纹扩展时信号能量主要集中在80~180kHz;裂纹快速扩展时在120kHz处出现明显的能量峰值;裂纹快速扩展时信号能量最大,裂纹萌生时能量次之,亚稳态扩展时能量最小。

关键词: 叶片裂纹, 高周疲劳, 声发射, 裂纹活性系数

Abstract:

In view of the problem that there is no effective online monitoring means in the process of blade high-cycle fatigue crack damage,an acoustic emission technology is adopted to study the online monitoring test of blade high-cycle fatigue crack acoustic emission under the action of fixed amplitude load,and explore the evolution law of blade crack initiation and propagation signal characteristics.The acoustic emission parameters and frequency spectrum characteristics of high-cycle fatigue crack are studied,and a crack activity coefficient index (CAI) is proposed.The high-cycle fatigue cracks in blades are divided into three stages,i.e.,crack initiation,metastable propagation,and rapid propagation.At the end of crack initiation and the rapid propagation stage,the crack activity coefficient significantly increases,which can achieve early warning of cracks.The generalized S transform is used to analyze the frequency spectra of acoustic emission signals at different damage stages,The results show that the signal energy is concentrated at 90-160kHz during crack initiation,the signal energy is mainly concentrated at 80-180kHz during the crack propagation,and a distinct energy peak at 120kHz appears during rapid crack propagation,The signal energy is the highest during rapid crack propagation,the energy is higher during crack initiation,and the energy is the lowest during crack metastable propagation.

Key words: blade crack, high-cycle fatigue, acoustic emission, crack activity coefficient

中图分类号:

TG115.5+7

刘强, 于洋, 杨平. 叶片高周疲劳裂纹声发射特征试验研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(6): 240537-.

LIU Qiang, YU Yang, YANG Ping. Experimental Study on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of High-cycle Fatigue Cracks in Blades[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(6): 240537-.

图/表 15

图1 裂纹萌生扩展示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of crack initiation and propagation

图2 叶片试件

Fig.2 Blade specimen

表1 叶片尺寸

Table 1 Blade dimensions

参数	数值
总长度/mm	147
自由端长度/mm	120
叶片宽度/mm	30
叶片厚度/mm	1

表2 叶片材料参数

Table 2 Blade material parameters

材料	弹性模量/GPa	密度/(kg·m^-3)	泊松比	屈服强度/MPa
45号钢	210×10⁹	7 850	0.3	355

图3 叶片固有频率仿真结果

Fig.3 Simulated results of blade natural frequency

图4 叶片振动试验布置

Fig.4 Arrangement of blade vibration test

图5 声发射简化波形参数的定义示意图

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the definition of acoustic emission simplified waveform parameters

表3 3枚叶片试验情况

Table 3 Test conditions of the blades

试件序号	特征频率/Hz	总试验时间/×10⁴s	总循环次数/×10⁶
1	63.44	9.00	5.7
2	45.21	14.40	6.5
3	60.12	8.28	5.0

图6 叶片试验声发射参数情况

Fig.6 Blade experimental acoustic emission parameters

图7 累积计数

Fig.7 Cumulative count

图8 裂纹活跃系数曲线

Fig.8 CAI curve

图9 不同损伤状态声发射信号波形

Fig.9 Acoustic emission waveforms of different damage states

图10 叶片裂纹声发射信号时频图

Fig.10 Time-frequency diagram of blade crack acoustic emission signal

图11 试验结果

Fig.11 Test results

图12 疲劳裂纹区域划分示意图

Fig.12 Schematic diagram of fatigue crack region division

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