基于有限元模型的空降兵伞降着陆损伤因素分析

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0381

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

空降兵伞降着陆损伤一直是航空医学和特种医学关注的重点,研究其着陆损伤的生物力学机制对空降兵损伤防护和预防至关重要。针对空降兵着陆冲击下肢损伤,利用全球人体生物力学模型对影响空降兵着陆冲击下肢损伤的因素进行数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:在正常着陆冲击过程中,股骨、胫骨等下肢长骨受损伤概率较小,但跟骨、距骨以及半月板容易因长骨对其挤压造成损伤,易损伤区域包括跟骨结节内侧突、距骨滑车面以及外侧半月板前角;不同着陆场景损伤机制的差异,下降速度能显著影响地面冲击力从而大幅度增加下肢长骨患应力性骨折的概率;水平风速能影响其重心位置而增加踝关节损伤概率;地面条件通过影响冲击接触时长而增加踝关节尤其是跟骨损伤概率。

关键词: 空降兵, 伞降, 着陆损伤, 生物力学机制, 下肢损伤

Abstract:

The parachute landing injuries of paratroopers have been a focal point in aviation medicine and special medical studies.It is very important to investigate the biomechanical mechanisms of landing injuries for the protection and prevention of parachute landing injuries.The factors influencing the lower limb injuries of paratroopers subjected to landing impact are numerically simulated by using the global human body models consortium (GHBMC) full-body finite element model.The findings indicate that the long bones of the lower limbs such as femur and tibia are less likely to be injured during normal landing impact.However,the calcaneus,talus and meniscus are susceptible to injury due to compression from the long bones,and the vulnerable area includes the medial tubercle of calcaneus,the trochlea of talus,and the anterior horn of lateral meniscus.The study also reveals the variations in injury mechanisms in different landing scenarios.The descent speed significantly affects ground impact forces,thereby greatly increasing the probability of stress fractures in the long bones of lower limbs.The horizontal wind speed can alter the center of gravity to increase the likelihood of ankle injuries.The ground conditions influence the duration of impact contact,increasing the probability of injuries to the ankle,particularly the calcaneus.

Key words: paratrooper, parachuting, landing injury, biomechanical mechanism, lower limb injury

中图分类号:

R857

任海龙, 曹双辉, 彭瀚, 豆清波, 索涛. 基于有限元模型的空降兵伞降着陆损伤因素分析[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(4): 240381-.

REN Hailong, CAO Shuanghui, PENG Han, DOU Qingbo, SUO Tao. Analysis of Factors Affecting Parachute Landing Injuries Based on Finite Element Modeling[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(4): 240381-.

图/表 24

图1 GHBMC全人体有限元模型

Fig.1 GHBMC full-body finite element model

图2 人体有限元模型姿态调整

Fig.2 Posture adjustment of human finite element model

图3 人体着陆冲击有限元模型

Fig.3 Human landing impact finite element model

表1 受试者基本情况

Table 1 General information of subjects

志愿者编号	年龄/岁	身高/cm	体重/kg	有无伤病史
1	22	176	72.6	无
2	23	173	74.2	无
3	22	177	75.3	无

图4 反光标记点粘贴位置

Fig.4 Location of reflective marker points

表2 平台着陆实验与仿真对比

Table 2 Comparison of platform landing experiemnts and simulations

时间/ms	实验结果	仿真结果
0
40
80
120

图5 实验和仿真垂直地面反力对比

Fig.5 Comparison of experimental and simulated GRFs at different platform heights

图6 实验和仿真膝关节运动角度对比

Fig.6 Comparison of experimental and simulated knee joint motion angles at different platform heights

图7 实验和仿真踝关节运动角度对比

Fig.7 Comparison of experimental and simulated ankle joint motion angles at different platform heights

表3 下降速度影响分析仿真工况参数设置

Table 3 Simulation parameter settings for analysis of descent speed effect

下降速度/ (m·s^-1)	着陆地面	地面密度/ (kg·m^-3)	地面模量/ GPa	地面泊松比
3	混凝土	2500	30	0.3
5	混凝土	2500	30	0.3
7	混凝土	2500	30	0.3

表4 水平风速影响分析仿真工况参数设置

Table 4 Simulation parameter settings for analysis of horizontal wind speed effect

下降速度/ (m·s^-1)	水平风速/ (m·s^-1)	着陆地面	地面密度/ (kg·m^-3)	地面模量/ GPa	地面泊松比
6	4	混凝土	2500	30	0.3
6	2	混凝土	2500	30	0.3
6	0	混凝土	2500	30	0.3

表5 地面条件影响分析仿真工况参数设置

Table 5 Simulation parameter settings for analysis of ground condition effect

下降速度/ (m·s^-1)	着陆地面	地面密度/ (kg·m^-3)	地面模量/ GPa	地面泊松比
6	软黏土	1600	0.01	0.4
6	粉砂岩	2160	0.2	0.3
6	混凝土	2500	30	0.3

表6 下肢损伤评价准则

Table 6 Injury criteria for lower limb

下肢损伤准则	损伤评价指标	损伤阈值/kN	损伤概率 (简明损伤定级标准2+)
股骨力准则	股骨轴向力	10.00	$1 1 + e 5.7949 - 0.5196 F$
胫骨压缩力准则	胫骨近端轴向力	8.00	$1 1 + e 0.5204 - 0.8189 F + 0.0686 m$
足踝损伤准则	胫骨远端轴向力	7.59	$1 1 + e 4.572 - 0.670 F$

表6 下肢损伤评价准则

Table 6 Injury criteria for lower limb

下肢损伤准则	损伤评价指标	损伤阈值/kN	损伤概率 (简明损伤定级标准2+)
股骨力准则	股骨轴向力	10.00	$1 1 + e 5.7949 - 0.5196 F$
胫骨压缩力准则	胫骨近端轴向力	8.00	$1 1 + e 0.5204 - 0.8189 F + 0.0686 m$
足踝损伤准则	胫骨远端轴向力	7.59	$1 1 + e 4.572 - 0.670 F$

图8 3种损伤评价指标数据提取位置

Fig.8 Data extraction locations for three injury assessment criteria

图9 不同下降速度着陆时运动学数据对比

Fig.9 Comparison of kinematic data at different descent speeds during landing

图10 不同下降速度着陆时下肢损伤指标对比

Fig.10 Comparison of lower limb injury indices during landing at different descent speeds

图11 不同下降速度下跟骨、距骨和半月板峰值应力对比

Fig.11 Comparison of peak stress in calcaneus,talus,and meniscus at different descent speeds

图12 不同水平风速着陆时运动学数据对比

Fig.12 Comparison of kinematic data at different wind speeds during landing

图13 不同水平风速下人体质心位移

Fig.13 Displacement of human center of mass at different wind speeds

图14 不同水平风速着陆时下肢损伤指标对比

Fig.14 Comparison of lower limb injury indices during landing at different wind speeds

图15 不同水平风速下跟骨、距骨和半月板峰值应力对比

Fig.15 Comparison of peak stresses in calcaneus,talus, and meniscus at different wind speeds

图16 不同地面条件着陆时运动学数据对比

Fig.16 Comparison of kinematic data at different ground conditions during landing

图17 不同地面条件着陆时下肢损伤指标对比

Fig.17 Comparison of lower limb injury indices during landing at different ground conditions

图18 不同地面条件下跟骨、距骨和半月板峰值应力对比

Fig.18 Comparison of peak stresses in calcaneus,talus, and meniscus at different ground conditions

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