燃烧爆炸品工程安全防护体系现状及问题分析

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0931

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分析发爆体系的空气冲击波、破片、热辐射等燃爆效应及传播规律,以及受爆体系中人员、设备设施及其他燃烧爆炸品(以下简称燃爆品)能够承受的容许程度,介绍由密闭抗爆结构、人员掩体、防护屏障、安全距离等构成的燃爆品生产制造典型工程防护措施。结合工程实践经验,从节约土地资源、进一步平衡工程防护的有效性及经济合理性出发,提出需要持续深入研究完善不同场景燃烧爆炸效应量化评估方法、事故造成毁伤程度的量化评估方法及风险可接受准则、工程防护措施有效性量化评估及优化方法等三方面问题。

关键词: 燃烧爆炸品, 安全防护体系, 发爆体燃爆效应, 受爆体承受容许度, 工程防护措施

Abstract:

The air shock waves, fragments, thermal radiation, explosion effects and propagation patterns of explosive system, as well as the allowable levels that personnel, equipment and other burning explosives in the explosive system can withstand are analyzed, and the typical engineering protective measures for explosive manufacturing are discussed. These measures include sealed anti-explosion structures, personnel shelters, protective barriers, and safety distances. Based on engineering practice experience, with the aim of saving land resources and further balancing the effectiveness and economic rationality of engineering protection, it is proposed that the following issues need to be continuously studied and improved: the quantitative evaluation method for combustion and explosion effects in different scenarios, the quantitative evaluation method for the degree of destruction caused by accidents, and the risk-acceptable criteria and quantitative evaluation and optimization method for the effectiveness of engineering protection measures.

Key words: burning explosive, safety protection system, explosive system detonation effect, allowable endurance of explosive body, engineering protective measures

马志伟, 李园, 郭明哲, 孙谋. 燃烧爆炸品工程安全防护体系现状及问题分析[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(S2): 293-304.

MA Zhiwei, LI Yuan, GUO Mingzhe, SUN Mou. Current Status and Issues of the Safety Protection System for the Production Systems Engineering of Burning Explosives[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(S2): 293-304.

图/表 13

图1 燃爆品工程安全防护体系组成图

Fig.1 Composition ofengineering safety protection system of combustible and explosive materials

图2 不同公式计算空气冲击波超压随距离衰减情况对比图(以40000kgTNT当量为例)

Fig.2 Decays of air shock wave overpressure with distance in different formulas calculations (taking 40000kg TNT equivalent as an example)

图3 不同公式计算空气冲击波超压随距离衰减情况对比图(以5000kg TNT当量为例)

Fig.3 Decays of air shock wave overpressure with distance in different formulas calculations(taking 5 000kg TNT equivalent as an example)

图4 破片毁伤能力的临界距离

Fig.4 Critical distance of fragment destruction ability

表1 冲击波超压引发的伤亡效应

Table 1 Casualty effect caused by shock waveoverpressure

伤亡效应	空气冲击波超压Δp/(kg·cm^-2)
1%耳膜破裂	0.24
50%耳膜破裂	1.12
肺破裂界限	0.7(持续时间50ms), 1.4~2.1(持续时间3ms)
1%的死亡	1.89(持续时间50ms), 4.2~2.14.9(持续时间3ms)

表2 冲击波超压引起人员损伤的特征

Table 2 Characteristics of person damage caused by shock wave overpressure

人员损伤程度	特征描述	空气冲击波超压 Δp/(kg·cm^-2)
轻微	轻微的挫伤	0.2~0.3
中等	听觉器官的损伤、中等挫伤、骨折等	0.3~0.5
严重	内脏严重挫伤,可引起死亡	0.5~1.0
极严重	可能大部分死亡	>1.0

表3 不同热辐射强度造成的人员伤害

Table 3 Injury to personnel caused by thermal radiation intensity

热辐射强度/ (kW· $m - 2$ )	对人员的伤害
37.5	1%死亡(10 s) 100%死亡(1min)
25.0	重大烧伤(10s) 100%死亡(1min)
12.5	1度烧伤(10s) 1%死亡(1min)
6.3	在8s内裸露皮肤有痛感; 无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作人员穿上防护服可停留1min
4.7	暴露16s,裸露皮肤有痛感; 无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作人员穿上防护服可停留几分钟
1.58	长时间暴露无不适感

表3 不同热辐射强度造成的人员伤害

Table 3 Injury to personnel caused by thermal radiation intensity

热辐射强度/ (kW· $m - 2$ )	对人员的伤害
37.5	1%死亡(10 s) 100%死亡(1min)
25.0	重大烧伤(10s) 100%死亡(1min)
12.5	1度烧伤(10s) 1%死亡(1min)
6.3	在8s内裸露皮肤有痛感; 无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作人员穿上防护服可停留1min
4.7	暴露16s,裸露皮肤有痛感; 无热辐射屏蔽设施时,操作人员穿上防护服可停留几分钟
1.58	长时间暴露无不适感

表4 不同超压值对建筑物的破坏等级

Table 4 The damage levels of buildings under different overpressures

破坏等级及其名称	超压Δp/(kg·cm^-2)
破坏等级及其名称	<0.02	0.02~0.09	0.09~0.25	0.25~0.40	0.40~0.55	0.55~0.76	>0.76
破坏等级	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
破坏等级名称	基本无破坏	次轻度破坏	轻度破坏	中等破坏	次严重破坏	严重破坏	完全破坏

表5 不同超压值对建筑物的破坏影响

Table5 The damage effects of different overpressures on buildings

建筑物	超压Δp/(kg·cm^-2)
建筑物	<0.02	0.02~0.09	0.09~0.25	0.25~0.40	0.40~0.55	0.55~0.76	>0.76
玻璃	偶然破坏	少部分到大部分呈大块条状或小块破坏	大部分呈小块破坏到粉碎	粉碎
木门窗	无损坏	窗扇少量破坏	窗扇大量破坏,窗框、门扇破坏	窗扇掉落、内倒、窗框、门扇大量破坏	门窗扇摧毁,窗框掉落
砖外墙	无损坏	无损坏	出现较小裂缝,宽度小于5mm,稍有倾斜	出现较大裂缝,缝宽5~50mm,明显倾斜,砖垛出现较小裂缝	出现大于50mm裂缝,严重倾斜,砖垛出现较大裂缝	部分倒塌	大部分到全部倒塌
木屋盖	无损坏	无损坏	木屋面板变形,偶见折裂	木屋面板、木屋檩条折裂;木屋架支座松动	木檩条折断,木屋架杆件偶然折裂,支座错位	部分倒塌	全部倒塌
瓦屋面	无损坏	无损坏	大量移动	大量移动到全部掀掉
混凝土屋盖	无损坏	无损坏	无损坏	出现小于1mm的小裂缝	出现1~2mm宽的裂缝,修复后可继续使用	出现大于2mm的裂缝	承重砖墙大部分到全部倒塌,钢筋混凝土承重柱严重破坏
顶棚	无损坏	抹灰少量掉落	抹灰大量掉落	木龙骨部分破坏、下垂缝	塌落
内墙	无损坏	板条墙抹灰小量掉落	板条墙抹灰大量掉落	砖内墙出现小裂缝	砖内墙出现大裂缝	砖内墙出现严重裂缝到部分倒塌	砖内墙大部倒塌
混凝土柱	无损坏	无损坏	无损坏	无损坏	无损坏	有倾斜	有较大倾斜

图5 爆炸塔、跌落塔平面和立面图

Fig.5 Plan and elevation of blast tower and drop test tower

图6 封闭靶道的平面和剖面图

Fig.6 Plan and section of enclosed shooting range

图7 抗爆间室平面图

Fig.7 Plan of blast resistant chamber

图8 防护土堤示意图

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of barricades

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