航空铝合金激光焊接关键工艺参数与应力场关系

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0935

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

激光焊接工艺参数不仅影响铝合金结构件的残余应力,而且影响其服役性能,探究参数与应力场的关系对提高焊接结构件的质量具有重要的意义。采用圆锥热源模型对厚度为5mm的7075-T7351铝合金板材进行激光焊接数值模拟,分析焊接速度和激光能量两个关键参数对焊接残余应力场的影响规律,并借助实验验证模拟结果的准确性,揭示7075铝合金激光焊接工艺参数与应力场的关系。研究结果表明:残余应力会随着焊接速度的增加而不断增大,但当焊速超过一定值后焊核区应力不再增加,最大应力逐渐向两侧扩展;激光能量越大,导致残余应力降低且最大残余应力分布区域逐渐扩大;获得7075铝合金激光焊的最佳工艺窗口,焊接速度5~7mm/s,激光焊接能量70~100J/mm。所得研究成果在7075铝合金激光焊接工艺优化的周期缩短和成本降低方面具有一定的价值和意义。

关键词: 铝合金, 激光焊接, 应力场, 焊接速度, 焊接能量

Abstract:

Laser welding process parameters not only affect the residual stress of aluminum alloy structural parts, but also affect their service performance. It is of great significance to explore the relationship between parameters and stress field to improve the quality of welded structural parts.The laser welding of 7075-t7351 aluminum alloy plate with a thickness of 5mm is numerically simulated by using the cone heat source model. The influences of welding speed and laser energy on the welding residual stress field is analyzed. The accuracy of the simulated results is verified by experiments, and the relationship between the laser welding process parameters and stress field of 7075 aluminum alloy is revealed. The results show that the residual stress increases with the increase of welding speed, but when the welding speed exceeds a certain value, the stress in a weld nugget zone does not increase, and the maximum stress gradually expands to both sides. In addition, the larger the laser energy is, the smaller the residual stress is, but the distribution area of maximum residual stress gradually expands. The best process window for laser welding of 7075 aluminum alloy was obtained: welding speed is 5~7mm/s, and laser welding energy is 70~100J/mm. The above research has a certain value and significance in shortening the cycle of laser welding process optimization of 7075 aluminum alloy and reducing its cost.

Key words: Aluminum alloy, laser welding, stress field, welding speed, welding energy

中图分类号:

TG404

李光祖, 王江涛, 谢利, 卢雅林, 张永康, 胡可军, C. M. CASCIOLA. 航空铝合金激光焊接关键工艺参数与应力场关系[J]. 兵工学报, 2024, 45(5): 1692-1702.

LI Guangzu, WANG Jiangtao, XIE Li, LU Yalin, ZHANG Yongkang, HU Kejun, C. M. CASCIOLA. Relationship between Key Process Parameters and Stress Field of Aviation Aluminum Alloy Welded by Laser Beam[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2024, 45(5): 1692-1702.

图/表 17

图1 有限元网格模型

Fig.1 Finite element mesh model

图2 材料热力学参数

Fig.2 Thermodynamic parameters of materials

图3 等温线分布图

Fig.3 Isotherm distribution diagram

图4 不同热源热循环曲线对比

Fig.4 Comparison of thermal cycle curves of different heat-sources

表1 不同热源结果对比

Table 1 Comparison of results of different heat-sources

参数	圆柱形热源	锥形热源
最高温度/℃	1163	1413
最大应力/MPa	231	212

图5 匙孔模型焊接示意图[27]

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of keyhole-mode welding[27]

图6 实验与模拟结果焊缝截面对比[28]

Fig.6 Comparison of weld cross sections in experimental and simulated results[28]

图7 焊接熔池模型图

Fig.7 Model diagram of welding pool

图8 圆锥体热源模型

Fig.8 Cone-shaped heat-source model

表2 纵向残余应力σyy变化云图

Table 2 Variation nephogram of longitudinal residual stress σyy

表3 横向残余应力σxx变化云图

Table 3 Variation nephogram of transverse residual stress σxx

图9 应力分布曲线

Fig.9 Distribution curves of residual stress

图10 不同速度v的应力变化曲线

Fig.10 Stress variation curves at different speeds v

图11 不同能量Q0的应力变化曲线

Fig.11 Variation curves of stress with different energies Q0

图12 测量点分布图

Fig.12 Distribution map of measuring points

图13 焊接头中B点σyy的XRD衍射分析实验报告

Fig.13 XRD experimental report of σyy at the point B in the welded joint

图14 残余应力模拟值和实测值的结果比较

Fig.14 Comparison of experimental and simulated residual stress

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