HUANG H M . Autonomy levels for unmanned systems (ALFUS) framework:safety and application issues [C ] //Proceedings of the Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems.Gaithersburg,MD, US:NIST , 2007 .

史辉 , 刘向前 . 地面无人平台在典型战场环境中的自主机动性能评价研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2014 , 35 ( 增刊1 ): 17 - 24 .

SHI H , LIU X Q . Assessment method for autonomous mobility of UGV in a typical battlefield environment [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2014 , 35 ( S1 ): 17 - 24 . (in Chinese)

于丽莉 , 何明利 , 常书杰 . 地面无人装备自主作战效能评估方法研究 [J ] . 军事运筹与系统工程 , 2020 , 34 ( 3 ): 25 - 32 .

YU L L , HE M L , CHANG S J . Research on autonomous combat effectiveness evaluation methods for ground unmanned equipment [J ] . Military Operations Research and Systems Engineering , 2020 , 34 ( 3 ): 25 - 32 . (in Chinese)

苏治宝 , 王宏明 , 杨甜甜 , 等 . 地面无人作战平台性能评价指标体系 [J ] . 火力与指挥控制 , 2012 , 37 ( 3 ): 154 - 157 .

SU Z B , WANG H M , YANG T T , et al. Research on performance evaluation indexes for unmanned ground vehicles [J ] . Fire Control &Command Control , 2012 , 37 ( 3 ): 154 - 157 . (in Chinese)

李文璋 , 陶业荣 , 唐川 . 基于多专家信息融合 Fuzzy-EAHP 的地面无人平台自主能力评估方法 [J ] . 火力与指挥控制 , 2024 , 49 ( 11 ): 157 - 168 .

LI W Z , TAO Y R , TANG C . Autonomous capability evaluation method of UGVs based on multi-expert formation fusion Fuzzy-EAHP [J ] . Fire Control & Command Control , 2024 , 49 ( 11 ): 157 - 168 . (in Chinese)

郑剑 . 面向任务的无人作战系统自主性等级评估与分配技术研究 [D ] . 北京 : 国防科技大学 , 2019 .

ZHENG J . Research on autonomy levels evaluation and assignment technology of mission-oriented unmanned combat system [D ] . Beijing : National University of Defense Technology , 2019 . (in Chinese)

孙扬 , 杨贺 . 无人驾驶车辆智能水平等级划分 [J ] . 科技导报 , 2017 , 35 ( 17 ): 80 - 83 .

SUN Y , YANG H . Intelligent capability level classification for unmanned vehicles [J ] . Science & Technology Review , 2017 , 35 ( 17 ): 80 - 83 . (in Chinese)

王培 , 张杰飞 . 自动驾驶车辆综合智能评价量化分析 [J ] . 内燃机与配件 , 2023 ( 10 ): 29 - 31 .

WANG P , ZHANG J F . Quantitative analysis of comprehensive intelligent evaluation for autonomous vehicles [J ] . Internal Combustion Engines and Spare Parts , 2023 ( 10 ): 29 - 31 . (in Chinese)

薛俊山 , 蒋瑜 . 智能无人装备自主性评价研究进展与探索 [C ] // 第四届体系工程学术会议——数字化转型中的体系工程 . 厦门 : 国防科技大学系统工程学院 , 2022 .

XUE J S , JIANG Y . Research progress and exploration on of autonomous evaluation of unmanned intelligent equipment [C ] // Proceedings of the 4th Academic Conference on System Engineering-System Engineering in Digital Transformation . Xiamen : School of System Engineering ,National University of Defense Technology, 2022 . (in Chinese)

唐宏博 , 田雅雯 , 蒋瑜 . 自主无人装备智能化水平评价研究进展及思考 [C ] // 第六届体系工程学术会议——体系工程与高质量发展 . 昆明:国防科技大学,2024:11.

TANG H B,TIAN Y W,JIANG Y. Research progress and thinking on intelligent level evaluation of autonomous unmanned equipment [C ] // Peoceedings of the 6th Academic Conference on System Engineering-System Engineering and High-Quality Development . Kunming : National University of Defense Technology , 2024 : 11 . (in Chinese)

NI H L , WU J . A method for evaluating the complexity of autonomous driving roadscene [J ] . IET Intelligent Transport Systems , 2022 , 16 ( 12 ): 1562 - 1573 .

ISSLER M , GOSS Q , AKBAS M I . Complexity evaluation of test scenarios for autonomous vehicle safety validation using information theory [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , 2021 , 22 ( 8 ): 4943 - 4955 .

LIU T Y , WANG C , YINZ Q , et al. Complexity quantification of driving scenarios with dynamic evolution characteristics [J ] . Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies , 2020 , 111 : 358 - 373 .

李道飞 , 潘豪 . 场景复杂度评估在轨迹预测和驾驶决策中的应用 [J ] . 汽车工程 , 2024 , 46 ( 9 ): 77 - 86 .

LI D F , PAN H . Application of scenario complexity evaluation in trajectory prediction and automated driving decision-making [J ] . Automotive Engineering , 2024 , 46 ( 9 ): 77 - 86 . (in Chinese)

GARIKAPATI D , SHETIYA S S . Autonomous vehicles:evolution of artificial intelligence and the current industry landscape [J ] . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part I:Journal of Systems and Control Engineering , 2021 , 235 ( 10 ): 1269 - 1285 .

ZHANG P X , ZHU B , ZHAOJ , et al. Performance evaluation method for automated driving system in logical scenario [J ] . IEEE Access , 2021 , 9 : 145285 - 145295 .

ZHOU J J , WANG L , WANG X F . Scalable evaluation methods for autonomous vehicles [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles , 2022 , 7 ( 2 ): 164 - 175 .

LLORCA D F , HAMON R , JUNKLEWITZ H , et al. Testing autonomous vehicles and AI:perspectives and challenges from cybersecurity,transparency,robustness and fairness [J ] . European Transport Research Review , 2025 , 17 : 38 .

THRUN S , MONTEMERLO M , PALATUCCI M . Stanley:the robot that won the DARPA grandchallenge [J ] . Journal of Field Robotics , 2009 , 23 ( 9 ): 661 - 692 .

BOHREN J , FOOTE T . LittleBen:the Ben Franklin Racing Team’s entry in the 2007 DARPA urban challenge [J ] . Journal of Field Robotics , 2008 , 25 ( 9 ): 598 - 614 .

QI C , OZGUNER U , REDMILL K . Ohio State University at the 2004 DARPA grand challenge:developing a completely autonomousvehicle [J ] . IEEE Intelligent Systems , 2004 , 19 ( 5 ): 8 - 11 .

NAGENDRAN A , CROWTHER W , TURNER M , et al . Design,control, and performance of the ‘weed’6 wheel robot in the UK MOD grand challenge [J ] . Advanced Robotics , 2014 , 28 ( 4 ): 203 - 218 .

SCHNEIDER F E , WILDERMUTH D , WOLF H L . ELROB and EURATHLON:Improving search & rescue robotics through real-world robot competitions [C ] //Proceedings of the International Workshop on Robot Motion & #x00026; Control.Poznan, Poland:IEEE , 2015 .

BRÜGGEMANN B , WILDERMUTH D , SCHNEIDER F E . Search and retrieval of human casualties in outdoor environments with unmanned ground systems—system overview and lessons learned from ELROB 2014 [J ] . Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics , 2016 , 113 : 533 - 546 .