董恒 , 黄风雷 , 武海军 , 等 . 异形弹体高速侵彻/穿甲机理研究进展 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 9 ): 2863 - 2887 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0040 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0040 为支撑超高声速武器终点毁伤效应评估,满足异形弹体侵彻力学理论发展需求,异形弹体侵彻机理是当前亟需研究的关键基础科学问题。对异形弹体侵彻行为、弹靶作用机制、弹道稳定性与结构响应研究现状进行全面综述,对现有研究工作进行梳理与总结,搭建异形弹体侵彻问题研究的基本框架;以异形弹体侵彻/穿甲过程中出现的新质弹靶作用现象、机理为脉络,突出异形弹体结构对载荷环境表征、弹道及结构稳定性控制等方面带来的新挑战,并提出了异形弹体未来研究的3个建议,供相关研究者参考。

DONG H , HUANG F L , WU H J , et al. Penetration and perforation mechanism of high-speed non-circular projectiles a-state-of-the-art review [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 9 ): 2863 - 2887 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0040 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0040 To support the theoretical design of the hypersonic missile’s terminal effect and meet the development demand of penetration mechanics theory of non-circular projectiles, the penetration mechanism of non-circular projectilesis a key scientific problem required to be solved. A comprehensive review is conducted on the penetration behavior, penetration mechanism, ballistic stability, and structural response of non-circular projectiles.It is a review and summary of the existing research work, aiming to establish a basic framework for researching the penetration problem of non-circular projectiles.Moreover, the new phenomena and mechanisms introduced by the structural changes of non-circular projectiles are highlighted. Three suggestions for the future research of the non-circular projectiles are put forward for the reference of relevant researchers.

邓希旻 , 武海军 , 董恒 , 等 . 椭圆截面截锥弹体的高速穿甲特性及阻力模型 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2023 , 43 ( 9 ): 104 - 120 .

DENG X M , WU H J , DONG H , et al. A study of high-velocity penetration characteristics and resistance model of elliptical cross-section truncated ogive projectile [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2023 , 43 ( 9 ): 104 - 120 . (in Chinese)

田泽 , 王浩 , 武海军 , 等 . 椭圆变截面弹体斜贯穿薄靶姿态偏转机理 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 7 ): 1537 - 1552 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0367 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0367 随着新型武器平台的发展，具有良好平台适应性、高升阻比及隐身性能等特点的异形截面（椭圆形及变截面椭圆形）战斗部开始受到广泛关注。为探究椭圆变截面弹体斜贯穿薄靶机理与姿态偏转规律，对3种不同截面（圆形、椭圆形、变截面椭圆形）弹体斜贯穿双层945舰船薄钢板实验过程及结果进行整理与分析，根据椭圆变截面弹体贯穿过程、靶板破坏失效模式与弹体受力特征，将贯穿过程分为弹体头部压入阶段、弹体头部贯穿阶段、过渡阶段与弹身贯穿阶段。基于能量守恒、虚功原理分阶段分析弹体受力特征，建立弹体姿态偏转理论模型。通过对已有实验和数值模拟结果与理论模型所得结果进行对比，验证理论模型的可靠性。采用该理论模型着重讨论弹体撞击速度、初始倾角、质心位置、弹体翻滚角及椭圆截面长短轴之比等参数对椭圆变截面弹体姿态偏转的影响。结果表明：随着椭圆变截面弹体初始撞击速度的增加，弹体姿态偏转角度呈现指数型减小趋势；随着椭圆变截面弹体初始倾角的增大，弹体姿态偏转量增大；随着椭圆变截面弹体质心位置的后置，弹体姿态偏转角度增大；椭圆变截面弹体以不同的翻滚角撞击靶板时，弹体姿态偏转角度不同，γ_pt=0°较γ_pt=90°时弹体姿态偏转角度更大；当γ_pt=0°时，椭圆变截面弹体椭圆截面长短轴之比增大，弹体姿态偏转角度随之增大；当γ_pt=90°时，规律则相反。

TIAN Z , WANG H , WU H J , et al. Attitude deflection mechanism of projectiles with variable elliptical cross-sections obliquely perforating thin targets [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 7 ): 1537 - 1552 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0367 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0367 With the development of new weapon platforms, warheads with novel cross-sections (elliptical and variable elliptical cross-sections) have drawn wide attention due to high platform adaptability, lift-drag ratio, and stealth performance. This study investigates the oblique penetration mechanism and the attitude deflection of projectiles with variable elliptical cross-sections by examining projectiles with three types of cross-sections (circle，elliptic，and tapered elliptic) obliquely penetrating a double-layer thin steel plate through experiments. Based on the failure mode of the target plate and the mechanic characteristics of the projectile body, the penetration process is divided into four stages, namely press-in of the projectile nose, penetration of the nose, transition, and penetration of the projectile body. The mechanic characteristics of each projectile at each stage are also analyzed based on the law of energy conservation and virtual work principle. A theoretical model is constructed for the projectile's attitude deflection. The theoretical model is validated through comparing the experimental and simulation results. The model is used to study how the attitude deflection of projectiles with variable elliptical cross-sections is affected by different parameters, including impact velocity, initial oblique angle, centroid position, roll angle, and the long to short axis ratio of the elliptical cross-sections. The results show that as the impact velocity of the projectile increases, the attitude deflection angle decreases exponentially; the deflection increases as the initial oblique angle increases; the deflection increases as the centroid moves away from the projectile nose; the deflection angles vary when the projectile hits the target from different rolling angles; the deflection at γ_pt=0° is greater than that when γ_pt=90°; as the long to short axis ratio increases, the deflection increases when γ_pt=0°, yet it decreases when γ_pt=90°.

蒋腾 , 武海军 , 邓希旻 , 等 . 变截面弹体斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶弹道特性 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2025 , 46 ( 2 ): 240019 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0019 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0019 为研究变截面弹体斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶时结构特征对弹道特性的影响规律,开展椭圆等截面、椭圆变截面弹体在1020m/s初速、5°着角条件下斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶实验,结合数值模拟对比圆等截面、椭圆等截面、圆变截面和椭圆变截面弹体在斜侵彻钢靶过程中的弹道轨迹、速度、偏转角、纵向位移和纵向加速度的变化情况,揭示变截面弹体结构特征影响弹道稳定性的物理机制。研究结果表明:当弹体初始撞击速度较大、弹肩处横截面面积一致及变截面角度在0°~2.5°范围内时,不同横截面形状和变截面角度弹体在斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶过程中的速度变化差异很小;对于变截面弹体,可以通过改变变截面结构特征找到一个使得弹体贯穿首层靶板后纵向位移基本为零的临界变截面角度;不同横截面形状的变截面弹体受变截面角度对贯穿钢靶后纵向运动、姿态偏转的敏感程度不同,横截面形状的长短轴之比越大,变截面角度对偏转角速度的影响越大;变截面角度会影响弹体穿靶过程中的受力方向,可能导致弹体受力出现反转现象。相关研究对变截面弹体结构特征参数的优化、变截面弹体斜侵彻两层间隔钢靶弹道特性预测具有较好的指导价值。

JIANG T , WU H J , DENG X M , et al. Ballistic characteristics of variable section projectile obliquely penetrating two-layer spacer steel targets [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2025 , 46 ( 2 ): 240019 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0019 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0019 The influence of the structural characteristics of variable cross-section projectile on the ballistic characteristics during obliquely penetrating the two-layer spaced steel targets is studied.The elliptical and variable cross-section projectiles obliquely penetrate a two-layer spaced steel target at an initial velocity of 1020m/s and an impact angle of 5° in the experiments.The trajectories,velocities,deflection angles,longitudinal displacements and longitudinal accelerations of circular and elliptical equal cross-section projectiles,and circular-and elliptical-variable cross-section projectiles during obliquely penetrating the steel target are compared by numerical simulations,and the physical mechanism of which the structural characteristics of variable cross-sectional projectile affect the stability of its trajectory is revealed.The results indicate that,when the initial impact velocity of projectile is high,the cross-sectional area at the shoulder of projectile remains consistent,and the variable cross-sectional angle is within the range of 0° to 2.5°,the velocity variations of projectiles with different cross-sectional shapes and variable cross-sectional angles during obliquely penetrating two-layer spaced steel targets are very small.For the variable cross-section projectile,a critical variable cross-section angle can be found by changing the structural characteristics of variable cross-section projectile,which makes the longitudinal displacement of the projectile penetrating the first-layer target plate basically zero.Different cross-sectional shapes of variable cross-sectional projectiles have different sensitivities to longitudinal motion and attitude deflection after penetrating the steel target at variable cross-sectional angles.The greater the ratio of long axis to minor axis of cross-sectional shape is,the greater the influence of variable cross-sectional angle on the deflection angular velocity is.Variable cross-section angle has an affect the force direction of the projectile during the process of penetrating the target,which may lead to the reversal of force on the projectile.The relevant studies have good guiding value for the optimization of structural characteristic parameters of variable cross-sectional projectile and the prediction of trajectory characteristics of variable cross-sectional projectiles during obliquely penetrating two-layer spaced steel targets.

魏海洋 , 张先锋 , 熊玮 , 等 . 椭圆截面弹体斜侵彻金属靶体弹道研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2022 , 42 ( 2 ): 90 - 102 .

WEI H Y , ZHANG X F , XIONG W , et al. Oblique penetration of elliptical cross-section projectile into metal target [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2022 , 42 ( 2 ): 90 - 102 . (in Chinese)

LIU J W , LIU C , ZHANG X F , et al. Research on the penetration characteristics of elliptical cross-section projectile into semi-infinite metal targets [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2023 , 173 : 04438 .

王文杰 , 张先锋 , 邓佳杰 , 等 . 椭圆截面弹体侵彻砂浆靶规律分析 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2018 , 38 ( 1 ): 164 - 173 .

WANG W J , ZHANG X F , DENG J J , et al. Analysis of projectile penetrating into mortar target with elliptical cross-section [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2018 , 38 ( 1 ): 164 - 173 . (in Chinese)

DONG H , LIU Z H , WU H J , et al. Study on penetration characteristics of high-speed elliptical cross-sectional projectiles into concrete [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2019 , 132 : 103311 .

DAI X H , WANG K H , ZHOU G , et al. Analytical and experimental study on elliptical cross-section double-ogive-nose projectile penetration into plain concrete target [J ] . Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures , 2024 , 21 ( 2 ): e527 .

LIU J W , ZHANG X F , WEI H Y , et al. Study on the penetration of elliptical cross-section projectiles into concrete targets:theory and experiment [J ] . Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures , 2022 , 19 ( 3 ): e439 .

WU H J , DENG X M , DONG H , et al. Three-dimensional trajectory prediction and analysis of elliptical projectile [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2023 : 104497 .

MA X H , ZHANG Q M , ZHANG X W . A model for rigid asymmetric ellipsoidal projectiles penetrating into metal plates [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2022 , 163 : 104140 .

岳胜哲 , 陈利 , 张晓伟 , 等 . 非对称类椭圆截面弹体斜贯穿铝靶数值模拟研究 [J ] . 兵器装备工程学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 4 ): 127 - 133 .

YUE S Z , CHEN L , ZHANG X W , et al. Numerical simulation of oblique penetration of shaped elliptical cross section projectile through aluminum target [J ] . Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering , 2022 , 43 ( 4 ): 127 - 133 . (in Chinese)

王景琛 , 张晓伟 , 张庆明 , 等 . 非圆截面弹体斜侵彻薄靶的动态载荷特性研究 [J ] . 兵器装备工程学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 1 ): 127 - 135 .

WANG J C , ZHANG X W , ZHANG Q M , et al. Study on dynamic load characteristics of a non-circular cross-section projectile obliquely penetrating into thin targets [J ] . Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering , 2023 , 44 ( 1 ): 127 - 135 . (in Chinese)

朱超 , 张晓伟 , 张庆明 , 等 . 弹体斜侵彻双层钢板的结构响应和失效研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2023 , 43 ( 9 ): 091408 .

ZHU C , ZHANG X W , ZHANG Q M , et al. Structural response and failure of projectiles obliquely penetrating into double-layered steel plate targets [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2023 , 43 ( 9 ): 091408 . (in Chinese)

王皓 , 高旭东 . 类椭圆截面战斗部侵彻混凝土弹道特性研究 [J ] . 兵工自动化 , 2020 , 39 ( 5 ): 68 - 72 .

WANG H , GAO X D . Study on ballistic characteristics of concrete penetrating into elliptical section warhead [J ] . Ordnance Industry Automation , 2020 , 39 ( 5 ): 68 - 72 . (in Chinese)

董恒 . 椭圆截面弹体侵彻混凝土靶作用过程与结构响应研究 [D ] . 北京 : 北京理工大学 , 2021 .

DONG H . Penetration mechanism and structural response of elliptical cross-sectional projectile penetrating into concrete target [D ] . Beijing : Beijing Institute of Technology , 2021 . (in Chinese)

WU C T , WU Y , CRAWFORD J E , et al. Three-dimensional concrete impact and penetration simulations using the smoothed particle Galerkin method [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2017 , 106 : 1 - 17 .

LEE M , KWAK H . Impact simulations for high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites using a coupled finite element and smoothed particle Galerkin method [J ] . International Journal of Damage Mechanics , 2023 , 32 ( 3 ): 424 - 441 .

YIN X , LI Q H , CHEN B K , et al. An improved calibration of Karagozian & Case concrete/cementitious model for strain-hardening fibre-reinforced cementitious composites under explosion and penetration loadings [J ] . Cement and Concrete Composites , 2023 , 137 : 104911 .

KONG X Z , FANG Q , LI Q M , et al. Modified K&C model for cratering and scabbing of concrete slabs under projectile impact [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2017 , 108 : 217 - 228 .

MALVAR L J , ROSS C A . Review of strain rate effects for concrete in tension [J ] . Materials , 1998 , 95 : 735 - 739 .

CHEN X W , FAN S C , LI Q M . Oblique and normal perforation of concrete targets by a rigid projectile [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2004 , 30 ( 6 ): 617 - 637 .

杨士林 , 高旭东 , 张先锋 , 等 . 椭圆类截面弹体侵彻多层间隔钢靶的弹道特性 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2025 , 45 ( 3 ): 033303 .

YANG S L , GAO X D , ZHANG X F , et al. Trajectory characteristics of elliptical cross-section projectile penetrating multi-layer spaced steel targets [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2025 , 45 ( 3 ): 033303 . (in Chinese)