PAULUS G , CHANTERET P Y , WOLLMANN E . PELE:a new penetrator concept for the generation of lateral effects [C ] // Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Ballistics . Adelaide,Australia : IBS , 2004 : 104 - 110 .

KESBERG G , SCHIRM V , KERK S . PELE:the future ammunition concept [C ] // Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Ballistics . Adelaide,Australia : IBS , 2004 : 1134 - 1144 .

顾敏辉 , 展婷变 , 印立魁 , 等 . 螺旋切缝对PELE毁伤性能的影响研究 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 2022 , 34 ( 3 ): 58 - 64 ,110. DOI: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2022)03-008 http://doi.org/10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2022)03-008 为了研究壳体螺旋切缝对PELE毁伤性能的影响规律,针对切缝数量N、切缝深度H、扭转程度T 3个因素,借助有限元软件并结合随机失效和断裂软化算法开展数值模拟研究,对比已有试验验证了仿真模型的可靠性。结果表明,T变化会对靶后破片的破碎性能和飞散性能产生较大的影响。T增大使破片有更好的破碎性能,形成的破片质量分布具有较大区别,破片排布呈螺旋状且平均飞散面积增大,破片之间空隙变小,提高了杀伤概率,T大于1.5后弹丸前端破碎程度加深,形成的破片数量增多,质量减小。通过正交优化方法确定了3因素3水平的数值模拟方案,对仿真数据进行极差分析得到T是影响PELE出孔孔径的主要因素,N次之,H最小,该研究设定的工况条件下,N=8,H=1.5 mm,T=1.5时,靶板的出孔孔径最大。

GU M H , ZHAN T B , YIN L K , et al . Influence of spiral slits on damage performance of PELE [J ] . Journal of Ballistics , 2022 , 34 ( 3 ): 58 - 64 ,110. (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2022)03-008 http://doi.org/10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2022)03-008 In order to study the influence of shell spiral slits on the damage performance of PELE,a numerical simulation study was carried out by means of finite element software combined with random failure and fracture softening algorithms for three factors:the number of slits <i>N</i>,the depth of slits <i>H</i>,and the degree of torsion <i>T</i>. Compared with the existing experiments,the reliability of the simulation model was verified. The results show that the change of <i>T</i> will have an impact on the fragmentation performance and the flying performance of fragments. The increase of <i>T</i> makes the fragments have better crushing performance,and the mass distribution of the fragments is quite different. The fragments are arranged in a spiral shape,and the average flying area increases. The gap between the fragments becomes smaller,which improves the killing probability. While <i>T</i> exceeds 1.5,the degree of fragmentation deepens,and the number of fragments formed increases,and the quality decreases. The numerical simulation scheme was determined by the orthogonal optimization method,and the data was processed. The result shows that <i>T</i> is the main factor affecting the PELE aperture,and <i>N</i> is the second,and <i>H</i> is the smallest. Under the working conditions set in this study,<i>N</i>=8,<i>H</i>=1.5 mm,<i>T</i>=1.5,the hole diameter of the target plate is the largest.

樊自建 . 横向效应增强弹丸侵彻及破碎机理研究 [D ] . 长沙 : 国防科技大学 , 2016 .

FAN Z J . Study on penetration and fragmentation of penetrator with enhanced lateral effect [D ] . Changsha : National University of Defense Technology , 2016 . (in Chinese)

XU L Z , DU C X , CHENG C , et al . Effect of projectile parameters on opening behavior of PELE penetrating RC target [J ] . Defence Technology , 2021 , 17 ( 3 ): 859 - 873 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.04.012 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.04.012 When a penetrator with enhanced lateral effect (PELE) impacts on a reinforced concrete (RC) target, the target is damaged with a large opening. An understanding of how PELE projectile parameters affect the opening dimension, is essential for effective design of the PELE projectile. In this study, under the condition that the impact velocity and target parameters (strength and thickness) were fixed values, the important influence factors of the PELE (jacket wall thickness B, jacket material strength Y1, filling material strength Y2 and angle of monolithic jacket θ) were determined by a dimensional analysis. Tests and simulations of the PELE penetrating the RC target were conducted to analyze the influence of these factors on opening diameter (D¯, an equivalent diameter under relative kinetic energy). Based on the test and simulation results, it is found that the influence of these factors B, Y1 and θ on the deformation mode of the jacket shows a similar trend: as values of the three factors decrease, the jacket deforms from small bending deformation to large one, and then to curling deformation. This causes the opening diameter to first increase with the decrease of these three factors, and then decreases. It is well known that the bending resistance of the jacket is related to these factors B, Y1 and θ. Therefore, a plastic limit bending moment (M0) of the jacket was quoted to characterize the influence of these factors on the bending deformation of the jacket and the opening diameter of the target. The influence factor Y2 causes D¯ to first increase with the increase of Y2, and then decreases. A formula was developed to predict the opening diameter, whose influence parameters were considered in a dimensionless way. It has been shown that the dimensionless opening diameter D¯/d1 is dependent on two dimensionless parameters [Formula presented] and [Formula presented], where d1 and fc are the outer diameter of the projectile and the compressive strength of the target, respectively. © 2020 The Authors

XU L Z , REN W K , WANG X D , et al . Analytical investigation on deformation of PELE projectile and opening damage to concrete target [J ] . Thin-Walled Structures , 2021 , 161 : 107408 .

XU L Z , WANG J B , WANG X D , et al . Opening behavior of PELE perforation on reinforced concrete target [J ] . Defence Technology , 2020 , 17 ( 3 ): 898 - 911 .

CHENG C , XU L Z , DU Z H , et al . Perforation characteristics of metal target plate subjected to PELE [J ] . Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures , 2020 , 17 ( 4 ): e274 .

CHENG C , XU L Z , PANG Z J , et al . Fragmentation characteristics of PELE shell perforating thin metal target plate [J ] . Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures , 2020 , 29 ( 8 ): 1198 - 1209 .

DING L L , ZHOU J Y , TANG W H , et al . Damage characteristics analysis of the truncated cone-shaped PELE projectile [J ] . Symmetry , 2019 , 11 ( 8 ): 1025 .

CHENG C , DU Z H , CHEN X , et al . Damage of multi-layer spaced metallic target plates impacted by radial layered PELE [J ] . Defence Technology , 2020 , 16 ( 1 ): 201 - 207 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.05.002 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.05.002 Three different kinds of PELE (the penetrator with lateral efficiency) were launched by ballistic artillery to impact the multi-layer spaced metal target plates. The impact velocities of the projectiles were measured by the velocity measuring system. The damage degree and process of each layer of target plate impacted by the three kinds of projectiles were analyzed. The experimental results show that all the three kinds of projectiles have the effect of expanding holes on the multi-layer spaced metal target plates. For the normal structure PELE(without layered) with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE with tungsten alloy jacket, the diameters of holes on the second layer of plates are 3.36 times and 3.76 times of the diameter of the projectile, respectively. For radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket, due to the large number of tungsten wires dispersed after the impact, the diameter of the holes on the four-layer spaced plates can reach 2.4 times, 3.04 times, 5.36 times and 2.68 times of the diameter of the projectile. Besides, the normal structure PELE with tungsten alloy jacket and the radial layered PELE whit tungsten alloy jacket formed a large number of fragments impact marks on the third target plate. Although the number of fragments penetrating the third target plate is not as large as that of the normal structure PELE, the area of dispersion of fragments impact craters on the third target plate is larger by the radial layered PELE. The radial layered PELE with W/Zr-based amorphous composite jacket released a lot of heat energy due to the impact of the matrix material, and formed a large area of ablation marks on the last three target plates. © 2019 The Authors

CHENG C , XU L Z , PANG Z J , et al . Fragmentation characteristics and damage capacity of radial layered PELE [J ] . Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures , 2020 , 17 ( 8 ): e327 .

ZHOU J Y , RAN X W , TANG W H , et al . Research on the penetration characteristics of PELE projectile with reactive inner core [J ] . Polymers , 2023 , 15 ( 3 ): 617 .

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VERREAULT J , HINSBERG N P V , ABADJIEVA E . PELE fragmentation dynamics [C ] // Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Ballistics . Freiburg,Germany : IBS , 2013 : 1289 - 3000 .

VERREAULT J . Modelling of the PELE fragmentation dynamics [J ] . Journal of Physics Conference , 2014 , 500 ( 15 ): 152015 .

VERREAULT J . Analytical and numerical description of the PELE fragmentation upon impact with thin target plates [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2015 , 76 : 196 - 206 .

朱建生 , 赵国志 , 杜忠华 , 等 . PELE垂直侵彻薄靶的机理分析 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2009 , 29 ( 3 ): 281 - 288 .

ZHU J S , ZHAO G Z , DU Z H , et al . Mechanism of PELE projectiles perpendicularly impacting on thin target plates [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2009 , 29 ( 3 ): 281 - 288 . (in Chinese)

樊自建 , 冉宪文 , 汤文辉 , 等 . PELE贯穿薄靶后外壳破片径向速度计算方法与影响因素分析 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2017 , 37 ( 4 ): 621 - 628 .

FAN Z J , RAN X W , TANG W H , et al . Calculation method and influencing factors of the fragmental radial velocities of PELE after penetrating thin target [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2017 , 37 ( 4 ): 621 - 628 . (in Chinese)

DING L L , ZHOU J Y , RAN X W , et al . Theoretical model of radial scattering velocity of fragments of the reactive core PELE projectile [J ] . Symmetry , 2020 , 12 ( 7 ): 1190 .

ZHANG J H , WANG H F , ZHENG Y F , et al . Lateral enhancement effect of reactive PELE:two-step segmented simulation and analytical modeling [J ] . Thin-Walled Structures , 2023 , 192 : 111204 .

张甲浩 , 郭萌萌 , 周晟 , 等 . 活性横向增强弹靶后横向效应实验与数值模拟 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 7 ): 2270 - 2281 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2023.0537 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2023.0537 为揭示活性横向增强弹(Penetrator with Enhanced Lateral Effect,PELE)的靶后横向增强机理,开展活性PELE冲击钢靶毁伤效应实验,在钢靶后设置效应铝靶,得到不同前置钢靶厚度条件下的穿孔毁伤情况。基于点火增长模型建立活性PELE冲击爆燃反应过程的两步仿真分析模型。综合实验和仿真对活性PELE在780m/s速度条件下冲击6~20mm厚度范围内钢靶的靶后横向增强效应进行讨论,从效应靶毁伤、芯体反应、波相互作用及壳体破片飞散4个方面进行深入分析。分析结果表明:仿真分析模型有效模拟了活性PELE冲击靶板的爆燃反应过程;靶板厚度对活性PELE在效应靶上的穿孔散布尺寸影响显著,随着靶板厚度的增加,活性PELE的靶后横向增强效应先增大后减小;活性芯体的爆燃反应释能使壳体最大径向速度提高了40%以上。

ZHANG J H , GUO M M , ZHOU S , et al . Experimental and numerical research on behind-plate enhanced lateral effect of reactive PELE reactive PELE [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 7 ): 2270 - 2281 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2023.0537 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2023.0537 To reveal the behind-plate enhanced lateral mechanism of reactive penetrator with enhanced lateral effect (PELE), the damage effect experiment of reactive PELE impacting steel plate is made to obtain the perforation damage of witness aluminum plate set behind the steel plate under the conditions of different front steel plate thicknesses. A two-step numerical simulation model of reactive PELE impact-induced deflagration reaction is developed based on the ignition growth model. The behind-plate enhanced lateral effect of reactive PELE impacting a steel target with a thickness of 6-20mm at 780m/s velocity is discussed by experiment and simulation. The damage effect of witness aluminum plate, filling reaction, wave interaction and jacket fragments dispersion are analyzed. The results show that the numerical simulation model can effectively simulate the deflagration reaction of reactive PELE impacting plate. The perforation dispersion on the witness plate significantly depends on the front steel plate thickness, the behind-plate enhanced lateral effect of the reactive PELE increases first and then decreases with the increase in the plate thickness, and the released energy of the reactive filling increases the maximum radial velocity of jacket fragments by more than 40%.

王展翾 , 李欣田 , 徐立志 , 等 . 横向效应增强侵彻体撞击靶板后破片径向速度预测模型的对比分析 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2025 , 46 ( 6 ): 240533 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0533 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0533 为进一步对具有横向效应增强的侵彻体(Penetrator with Enhanced Lateral Effect,PELE)侵彻金属靶板后破片的最大径向速度进行有效预测,采用数值模拟与理论分析的方法,对PELE撞击靶板时的碰撞压力、径向压力和破片停止加速时间进行详细的对比分析。研究结果表明:弹性波理论低估了PELE撞击靶板时的碰撞压力,而冲击波理论的计算结果与实际情况更加吻合;轴向压力全部转换为径向压力而不是一定比例转换;当壳体达到最大失效应变时,壳体开始破碎,并停止加速更符合实际情况。通过上述分析改进了径向速度模型,并分别与弹性波模型、冲击波模型和试验结果进行对比,在碰撞压力较大时,新模型能够对PELE侵彻金属靶板后破片的最大径向速度进行有效预测。

WANG Z X , LI X T , XU L Z , et al . Comparative study on predictive models for radial velocity of fragments after PELE impact on target plates [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2025 , 46 ( 6 ): 240533 . (in Chinese)

ZHANG J H , GUO M M , ZHOU S , et al . Enhanced damage mechanism of reinforced concrete targets impacted by reactive PELE:an analytical model and experimental validation [J ] . Defence Technology , 2024 , 42 : 12 - 30 .

张甲浩 , 王海福 , 葛超 , 等 . 活性PELE侵彻钢筋混凝土靶扩孔增强行为 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2025 , 46 ( 3 ): 240307 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0307 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0307 活性横向效应增强弹(Penetrator with Enhanced Lateral Effect,PELE)在侵彻钢筋混凝土靶的过程中会发生剧烈的爆燃反应,较惰性芯体PELE对靶板的扩孔效应更加显著。为揭示活性PELE侵彻钢筋混凝土靶扩孔增强机理,建立活性PELE侵彻钢筋混凝土靶扩孔分析模型,模型充分考虑径向稀疏波和活性材料的冲击爆燃反应。开展5种撞击速度下的活性PELE侵彻钢筋混凝土靶实验,综合实验和理论对活性PELE芯体反应特性、壳体变形角度-长度演化及扩孔增强行为进行讨论。研究结果表明:新的分析模型能够有效预测活性PELE壳体变形和钢筋混凝土靶扩孔,平均误差分别为6.9%和8.5%;活性PELE壳体表现出双弯曲变形和卷曲变形两种典型变形模式,给出壳体变形角度-长度演化过程;当撞击压力大于2.32GPa时,忽略径向稀疏波会高估活性PELE芯体反应程度和壳体径向变形,验证了考虑径向稀疏波的必要性;量化比较后发现活性材料的爆燃反应使钢筋混凝土靶的最大开孔提高了24.3%。

ZHANG J H , WANG H F , GE C , et al . Enhanced opening behavior of reactive pele penetrating reinforced concrete target [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2025 , 46 ( 3 ): 240307 . (in Chinese)

郭萌萌 , 王海福 , 张甲浩 , 等 . 活性PELE侵彻钢筋混凝土毁伤效应仿真研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 增刊1 ): 89 - 96 .

GUO M M , WANG H F , ZHANG J H , et al . Simulation research on damage effect of PELE penetrating reinforced concrete [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( S1 ): 89 - 96 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0527 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0527 The impact/deflagration-induced damage effect of reactive penetrator with enhanced lateral effect (PELE) on reinforced concrete target is studied by using the finite element analysis software to simulate the behaviors of PELE acting on a reinforced concrete target. A numerical simulation model for describing the impact response process of the reactive materials core is established based on the ignition growth model. The validity of the numerical simulation model is verified according to the test results of a ballistic gun. The calculated results of the simulation model are in good agreement with the test results. On this basis, the damage characteristics of active PELEs against the reinforced concrete targets under the conditions of different impact velocities and shell thicknesses are studied. The results show that the through-hole size of reinforced concrete target increases at first and then decreases with the increase in impact velocity and shell thickness, while for the collapse size, the impact velocity of projectile is the main influencing factor.

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