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WEN K , CHEN X W , DI D N . Modeling on the shock wave in spheres hypervelocity impact on flat plates [J ] . Defence Technology , 2019 , 15 ( 4 ): 457 - 466 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.01.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.01.006 In hypervelocity impacts of projectiles into thin flat targets, shock initiation and interaction dominate the responses of projectiles and targets, and especially dominate the features of the debris cloud. To estimate the geometric features of the wave front during the first complete propagation in the spherical-projectile, the Geometric Propagation Model (GPM) is built in this paper to describe the geometry of the shock wave front, which proposes an ellipse contour as a function of time and equivalent speed. The GPM identifies the geometric features of the wave front as a function of time and impact velocity successfully. Combined with the GPM and SPH simulation, the shock pressure distribution and attenuation in the spherical-projectile have been obtained. Meanwhile, the attenuation of shock pressure and speed are presented as a function of impact velocity, respectively, and a method for obtaining the equivalent speed of the shock wave is proposed by the GPM. The GPM may be applicable to hypervelocity events involving any monolithic materials as long as the equivalent speed could be supplied from numerical simulation. The GPM proposed in this paper and the corresponding shock wave analysis provide a new insight into the processes of the quantitative analysis of the initiation of the debris cloud. © 2019 The Authors

巨圆圆 , 张庆明 . 尖卵形弹丸侵彻加筋薄靶剩余速度的理论分析 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2015 , 36 ( 增刊1 ): 126 - 130 .

JU Y Y , ZHANG Q M . Theoretical analysis on residual velocity of oval-nosed projectile penetrating into stiffened thin plate [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2015 , 36 ( S1 ): 126 - 130 . (in Chinese)

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祝奔霆 , 吴国民 . 截卵形弹体侵彻加筋板架结构数值仿真 [J ] . 中国舰船研究 , 2022 , 17 ( 6 ): 244 - 251 .

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汪庆桃 , 吴克刚 , 陈志阳 . 圆柱形长杆超高速正碰撞薄板结构破碎效应 [J ] . 振动与冲击 , 2017 , 36 ( 5 ): 54 - 60 .

WANG Q T , WU K G , CHEN Z Y . Fragmentation effect of a long cylindrical rod with a hypervelocity normaly impacting a thin plate structure [J ] . Journal of Vibration and Shock , 2017 , 36 ( 5 ): 54 - 60 . (in Chinese)

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FENG N , MA K , CHEN C L , et al . Study of the axial density/impedance gradient composite long rod hypervelocity penetration into a four-layer Q345 target [J ] . Defence Technology , 2023 , 28 ( 10 ): 314 - 329 .

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WATSON E , GULDE M , KORTMANN L , et al . Optical fragment tracking in hypervelocity impact experiments [J ] . Acta Astronautica , 2019 , 155 : 111 - 117 . DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.11.036 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.11.036 In-orbit impacts between satellites and space debris lead to varying degrees of fragmentation, ranging anywhere from minor damage to complete breakups. In this paper, we describe an experimental measurement approach for studying fragmentation caused by hypervelocity impact in the laboratory. We investigate impacts on thin aluminum bumper plates with the goal of measuring individual fragment velocities and sizes generated by hypervelocity impact. The experimental setup, commonly used in fluid dynamics for Particle Tracking Velocimetry, consists of using a laser plane and high-speed video camera to track the motion of debris fragments. We describe the fragment tracking algorithm and demonstrate its ability to determine fragment velocity and sizes in specific hypervelocity impact experiments performed at Fraunhofer EMI. The measurement technique enables quantitative data, at an unprecedented level of detail, to be measured from hypervelocity impact fragmentation experiments in the lab, which can be applied to understanding the effects of satellite collisions and improving breakup models.

马坤 , 陈春林 , 冯娜 , 等 . 柱形93钨弹体超高速撞击薄钢板穿孔及破片群扩展特征 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 11 ): 2350 - 2359 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.11.008 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.11.008 为进一步研究柱形弹体超高速撞击靶板的破片群扩展、弹体侵蚀等问题，开展柱形93钨 弹体超高速撞击薄钢板实验研究。通过量纲分析方法给出柱形弹体穿靶的穿孔直径经验公式；利用高速摄像技术获得靶后破片群运动图像，分析破片群扩展规律以及弹体的侵蚀规律；基于微观组织分析，探索超高速撞击中弹靶材料的熔化问题。结果表明：通过对实验数据的拟合，认为在弹靶材料不变的情况下，靶板穿孔直径、靶后破片群轴向扩展最大速度、横向扩展最大速度近似和弹体直径、靶板厚度、撞击速度相关，而对于弹体侵蚀长度，除上述参数外还与弹体长径比相关；在柱形弹体超高速撞击靶板问题中，靶板背表面产生层裂并在破片群前部形成速度大于剩余弹体速度的“尖端”，可近似由靶板厚度小于弹体直径的0.72倍来确定；当柱形93钨弹体以2~3 km/s速度撞击靶板时，靶后破片群尚未发生大范围熔化，但当破片群、剩余弹体撞击第2层靶板时，受到二次加载作用，撞击区附近将发生大范围的材料熔化。

MA K , CHEN C L , FENG N , et al . Characteristics of perforation and fragment group expansion of steel sheet impacted by cylindrical 93 tungsten projectile at hypervelocity [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 11 ): 2350 - 2359 . (in Chinese)

WU C Y , HE Q G , CHEN X W , et al . Debris cloud structure and hazardous fragments distribution under hypervelocity yaw impact [J ] . Defence Technology , 2023 , 27 : 169 - 183 .

马坤 , 李名锐 , 陈春林 , 等 . 钢板加筋板架结构对柱形弹超高速侵彻能力的影响 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 8 ): 2441 - 2452 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0420 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0420 为在柱形弹体超高速撞击靶板问题基础上进一步研究加筋结构对弹体侵彻能力的影响,在数值模拟方面,结合GRAY物态方程固相-液相模型、Johnson Cook(JC)强度模型以及JC失效模型作为金属本构模型,利用光滑粒子流体动力学方法开展计算。在实验方面,分别开展圆柱形弹体超高速撞击单层加筋钢板和3层加筋钢板的实验研究。结合数值模拟及实验结果,分析弹体超高速撞击加筋结构的物理机制,研究弹体倾角、弹体攻角、加筋类型、弹体直径与筋厚比对圆柱形弹体侵彻能力的影响,分析圆柱形弹体超高速撞击单层加筋钢板和3层加筋钢板问题中弹道的横向偏移。研究结果表明:在对称撞击下,在单主筋基础上增加垂直方向的主筋或副筋对弹体侵蚀长度的影响较小,弹体侵蚀长度与筋宽比随弹体直径与筋厚比的增加呈指数衰减趋势;在非对称撞击下,弹体轴线与主筋中面夹角大是引起弹体姿态发生明显变化甚至发生断裂的主要原因,而剩余弹体横向运动速度相对入射方向的剩余速度为小量;在连续撞击3层加筋钢板情况下,当主筋边界(相对弹轴远侧)与弹体边界相对弹轴的比例关系在0.6以内时,弹体仍能保持较好的侵彻能力。即使弹体相对主筋存在初始横向偏移,侵彻弹道也不会发生较大的横向偏移。

MA K , LI M R , CHEN C L , et al . Influence of stiffened structure of steel plate on the hypervelocity penetration ability of cylindrical projectile [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2023 , 44 ( 8 ): 2441 - 2452 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0420 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0420 In order to further study the influence of stiffened structure on the penetration ability of the projectile based on the problem of cylindrical projectile impacting the target plate at hypervelocity. In numerical simulations, the GRAY solid-liquid phase equation of state model, the JC strength model and the JC failure model are collectively taken as the metal constitutive model. The typical problems are calculated by the smooth particle hydrodynamics method. In the experiment, the single-layer stiffened steel plate and the three-layer stiffened steel plate are impacted by the cylindrical projectile at hypervelocity. Combined with the simulation and experimental results, the physical mechanism of the cylindrical projectile impacting the stiffened structure at hypervelocity is analyzed. The influence of the oblique angle, the attack angle, the type of stiffener, the radio of the projectile diameter and the stiffener thickness on the penetration ability of the cylindrical projectile is investigated. The lateral displacement of the trajectory of the cylindrical projectile as it impacts the stiffened steel plates at hypervelocity is analyzed. The results show that: in the case of symmetric impact, adding a main stiffener or auxiliary stiffener in the vertical direction on the basis of the single main stiffener has little effect on the erosion length of the projectile, and the radio of projectile erosion length to stiffener width decreases exponentially with the increase of the ratio of projectile diameter to stiffener thickness; in the case of asymmetric impact, the large angle between the axis of the projectile and the middle plane of the main stiffener is the main reason for the obvious attitude change of the projectile and even the fracture of the projectile, and the lateral motion velocity of the remaining projectile is small relative to the residual velocity in the impact direction; in the case of the projectile impacting the three-layer stiffened steel plate at hypervelocity, when the ratio of the main stiffener boundary far from the projectile axis to the projectile boundary relative to the projectile axis is within 0.6, the projectile can still maintain a good penetration ability. The penetration trajectory will not deviate greatly even if the projectile has an initial lateral displacement relative to the main stiffener.

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SMIRNOV N N , KISELEV A B , ZAKHAROV P P , et al . The usage of adaptive mesh refinement in simulation of high-velocity collision between impactor and thin-walled containment [J ] . Acta Astronautica , 2022 , 194 : 401 - 410 .

HE Q G , CHEN J F , CHEN X W . Velocity space analysis method for hazardous fragments in debris clouds [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2022 , 161 : 104087 .