ANDRASKAR N D , TIWARI G , GOEL M D . Impact response of ceramic structures-a review [J ] . Ceramics International , 2022 , 48 ( 19 ): 27262 - 27279 .

LAMOURI S , HAMIDOUCHE M , BOUAOUADJA N , et al. Control of the γ -alumina to α-alumina phase transformation for an optimized alumina densification [J ] . Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio , 2017 , 56 ( 2 ): 47 - 54 .

KHAN M K , IQBAL M A . Damage and ballistic evaluation of ceramic-metal composite target against cylindrical projectile [J ] . Engineering Failure Analysis , 2022 , 131 : 105903 .

陆文成 , 武一丁 , 余毅磊 , 等 . 不同厚度比的 SiC 陶瓷-纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲的损伤失效及其抗弹性能 [J ] . 复合材料学报 , 2024 , 42 ( 2 ): 1125 - 1139 .

LU W C , WU Y D , YU Y L , et al. Damage failure and ballistic performance of SiC ceramic-fiber reinforced resin-based composite armor with different thickness ratios [J ] . Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica , 2024 , 42 ( 2 ): 1125 - 1139 . (in Chinese)

张林 , 陈斌 , 谭清华 , 等 . 陶瓷复合装甲抗14.5 mm穿燃弹侵彻性能 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 4 ): 758 - 767 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0244 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0244 大口径反装甲杀伤武器在战场上发挥着越来越重要的作用，对装甲材料和结构设计提出了更高要求。为探究陶瓷复合装甲在14.5 mm穿燃弹侵彻作用下的抗弹机理与抗弹性能，设计一种铺层顺序为陶瓷/纤维/金属/柔性芯材/金属的复合装甲结构，采用试验研究方法分析厚度匹配、底板材料和柔性芯材3个因素对其抗弹性能的影响。结果表明：陶瓷面板厚度对抗弹性能影响显著，抗14.5 mm穿燃弹打击时，陶瓷面板厚度为1.38倍弹芯直径，抗弹性能较优；面密度相近、陶瓷厚度一定时，复合背板的厚度配置在一定程度上的变化对抗弹性能影响甚微；面密度相近、底板选用装甲铝时，厚度较大，抗侵彻性能更好；柔性芯材的设置既可以降低损伤面积，又可以发挥偏转功能，改变子弹侵彻底板的入射角，从而提高复合装甲的防护能力。

ZHANG L , CHEN B , TAN Q H , et al. Bullet-proof performance of ceramic composite armors against 14.5mm armor-piercing projectiles [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 4 ): 758 - 767 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0244 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0244 Large-caliber anti-armor weapons are playing an increasingly important role in the battlefield，and higher requirements are put forward for the armor materials and structure design. In order to explore the bulllet-proof mechanisms and performance of ceramic composite armor penetrated by 14.5 mm armor-piercing projectile，an armor structure with ceramic/fiber/metal/flexible material/metal layup configuration was designed，and the influences of thickness matching，bottom plate material and flexible material on the ballistic performance were discussed through experiments.The results show that the thickness of ceramic plate has an influence on the bullet-proof performance significantly，and when the thickness of ceramic plate is 1.38 times of the core diameter，the targets have excellent bullet-proof performance. For the similar surface density and the constant ceramic thickness，the dimension matching of the composite rear plates has little influence on the bullet-proof performance when changing in a certain range.For the similar surface density，the thickness of the bottom plate should be larger when the armored aluminum is selected，and the anti-penetration performance is better. The flexible material can not only decrease the damage area，but also make the projectile yawed and change the incidence angle of projectile，thus improving the protective performance of the composite armor.

李永鹏 , 徐豫新 , 张健 , 等 . SiC陶瓷/UHMWPE纤维复合结构抗12.7mm穿甲燃烧弹试验与仿真 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 6 ): 1355 - 1364 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0604 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0604 针对SiC陶瓷板、超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）纤维板层合而成的复合结构，为掌握组元厚度对其抗弹性能的影响规律，进行12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹对复合结构的侵彻试验，获得不同撞击速度下的侵彻效果。建立弹体对复合结构侵彻的有限元计算模型，并通过试验验证计算模型的可靠性。采用被验证的计算模型对12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻不同厚度组元的复合结构进行仿真计算，分析复合结构在弹体侵彻下的破坏机制及抗弹性能影响因素。研究结果表明：所建立的有限元模型能够可靠计算12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹对复合结构的侵彻效应；复合结构抗弹性能随组元厚度增加呈线性增加，SiC陶瓷对抗弹性能的影响较UHMWPE纤维板大；随SiC陶瓷与UHMWPE纤维板厚度比的增加，复合结构抗弹体侵彻性能先增强后减小，当厚度比在0.2~0.4之间时，复合结构抗弹体侵彻性能最佳。

LI Y P , XU Y X , ZHANG J , et al. Test and simulation of SiC ceramic/UHMWPE fiber composite structure against 12.7mm armor piercing incendiary projectile [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 6 ): 1355 - 1364 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0604 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0604 The composite structure composed of SiC ceramic board and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiberboard is studied. In order to understand the influence of component thickness on the penetration resistance of the anti-ballistic body， the test of 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectile penetrating into the composite structure was made to obtain the penetration effect at different impact velocities. A finite element model of a projectile penetrating into the composite structure is established， and the reliability of the model is verified by tests. The proposed finite element model is used to simulate the composite structure of 12.7 mm armor piercing incendiary projectile penetrating into different thickness components， and the failure mechanism and anti-ballistic performance of composite structure subjected to projectile penetration are analyzed. The results show that the proposed finite element model can be used to reliably calculate the effect of 12.7 mm armor piercing incendiary projectile penetrating into the composite structure. The ballistic performance of the composite structure increases linearly with the increase in the component thickness， and the influence of SiC ceramics on the ballistic performance is greater than that of UHMWPE fiberboard. With the increase in the thickness ratio of SiC ceramic and UHMWPE fiberboard， the ballistic performance of composite structure first increases and then decreases. When the thickness ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4， the ballistic performance of composite structure is the best.

陈智勇 , 徐颖强 , 李妙玲 , 等 . 碳化硅木质陶瓷复合装甲结构设计及数值模拟优化 [J ] . 稀有金属材料与工程 , 2021 , 50 ( 4 ): 1146 - 1155 .

CHEN Z Y , XU Y Q , LI M L , et al. Structural design and numerical simulation optimization of SiC wood ceramic composite armor [J ] . Rare Metal Materials and Engineering , 2021 , 50 ( 4 ): 1146 - 1155 . (in Chinese)

侯海量 , 朱锡 , 李伟 . 轻型陶瓷/金属复合装甲抗弹机理研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2013 , 34 ( 1 ): 105 - 114 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2013.01.019 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2013.01.019 为探讨轻型陶瓷复合装甲抗弹机理，采用弹道冲击试验研究了高速破片冲击下轻型陶瓷/金属复合装甲的冲击响应，对弹体、陶瓷面板及金属背板的破坏现象进行了物理描述和唯象分析，指出了陶瓷面板和金属背板的破坏模式，分析了陶瓷/金属复合装甲的弹道吸能机理及抗弹性能。结果表明，锥形碎裂是陶瓷面板的主要破坏模式，其宏观裂纹主要有：径向、环向及与初始表面法线方向约65°夹角向外扩展的锥形裂纹；此外还会形成与背表面法线间的夹角约为65°的倒锥形断裂面。背板的变形范围、破坏程度及破坏模式均与船用钢靶板有较大区别，当弹速低于靶板弹道极限时，背板变形模式为隆起-碟型变形，当弹速大于靶板弹道极限时，随着陶瓷面板相对厚度的增加，金属背板的破坏失效模式有：剪切冲塞失效、碟型变形-剪切-花瓣型失效、碟型变形-花瓣型失效；弹体动能主要耗散在弹体和背板的破坏与变形；弹道极限速度附近，弹体和金属背板破坏吸能量会由于陶瓷面板的相对厚度不同而不同，但他们的总吸能量可占弹体初始冲击动能的90%以上，而陶瓷面板碎裂及反冲击方向喷射的动能小于弹体初始冲击动能的10%。

HOU H L , ZHU X , LI W . Investigation on bullet proof mechanism of light ceramic/steel composite armor [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2013 , 34 ( 1 ): 105 - 114 . (in Chinese)

侯海量 , 朱锡 , 阚于龙 . 轻型陶瓷复合装甲结构抗弹性能研究进展 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2008 , 29 ( 2 ): 208 - 216 . 从靶板的材料和结构配置，弹体形状、冲击速度和角度等物理和材料参数，以及约束条件和预应力等方面对轻型陶瓷复合装甲抗弹性能实验研究，抗弹过程分析的近似解析模型进行了较为系统的回顾，分析了其研究现状，提出了一些有待进一步深入展开研究的问题。

HOU H L , ZHU X , KAN Y L . The advance of ballistic performance of light ceramic composite armour under the impact of projectile [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2008 , 29 ( 2 ): 208 - 216 . (in Chinese)

杜忠华 . 动能弹侵彻陶瓷复合装甲机理 [D ] . 南京 : 南京理工大学 , 2002 .

DU Z H . Mechanics research on penetration of KE-projectile to ceramic composite amour [D ] . Nanjing : Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 2002 . (in Chinese)

杜忠华 , 赵国志 , 杨玉林 . 陶瓷/玻璃纤维/钢板复合靶板抗弹性能的研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2003 , 24 ( 2 ): 219 - 221 . 本文根据陶瓷复合装甲的结构特点和材料的抗弹特性，对于速度范围在1000～2200m/s的杆式弹，利用能量守恒原理建立了其垂直侵彻限厚陶瓷／玻璃纤维／钢板复合靶板的工程分析模型，给出了此类层合板弹道性能V50的预测公式，并且用小口径的缩比模拟弹进行了试验验证，其结果一致性较好。

DU Z H , ZHAO G Z , YANG Y L . A study on the performance of a composite armour plate of ceramic/GFRP/steel [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2003 , 24 ( 2 ): 219 - 221 . (in Chinese)

YU W H , LI W P , SHANGGUAN Y F , et al. Relationships between distribution characteristics of ceramic fragments and anti-penetration performance of ceramic composite bulletproof insert plates [J ] . Defence Technology , 2023 , 19 : 103 - 110 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2021.10.003 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2021.10.003 Through quantitative statistics and morphological characterization of ceramic fragments for ceramic composite bulletproof insert plates (CCBIPs), distribution characteristics of ceramic fragments within a specific size range were analyzed for different Armor Piercing Incendiary (API) and shot times. To quantitatively evaluate the effect of energy absorption for ceramic plates, a model of energy absorption during penetration for CCBIPs was established based on statistics of the size distribution of ceramic fragments (SDCF). Variation in the SDCF and its influence on energy absorption for CCBIPs were investigated. The results indicate that the distribution feature of ceramic fragments in the range of 0.25–2.25 mm is Gaussian distribution. Compared with Type 56 of API (56-API), ceramic fragments formed by 53-API with higher kinetic energy possess more quantity and more concentrated distribution, whose average equivalence size decreases by 6.5%, corresponding to increasing by 83.9% of estimated energy absorption. Besides, the ability of CCBIPs to resist the third shot is significantly weakened, whose estimated energy absorption decreases by 58.8% compared with the first shot. More concentrated distribution and fewer fragments are formed after the third shot, the average equivalence size of ceramic fragments increases by 6.9%, which may attribute to the micro-cracks induced by the previous two shots. © 2021 China Ordnance Society

SHEN Z W , HUANG X C , MA T , et al. Multiple ballistic damage of segmented SiC/BN laminated ceramic composite armor [J ] . Ceramics International , 2022 , 48 ( 24 ): 36326 - 36335 .

余毅磊 , 王晓东 , 任文科 , 等 . 三层组合陶瓷复合装甲的抗侵彻性能及其损伤机制 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 1 ): 44 - 57 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0319 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0319 为了研究相同面密度下Kevlar/SiC-TC4-超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合靶板的复合结构参数对其抗弹性能的影响和失效机理,选用4组不同厚度组合的靶板试样,并使用12.7mm穿燃弹以相同着靶速度(488m/s)进行弹道冲击实验。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究复合装甲板在弹道侵彻下的损伤模式。实验结果表明:在所述实验条件下8mm+2mm+10mm厚度组合的Kevlar/SiC-TC4-UHMWPE复合靶板是最佳的抗侵彻工程应用结构;在同等面密度条件下,将 1mm 厚陶瓷替换成同等面密度的TC4钛合金背板(约0.5mm厚)时,复合装甲板的抗弹道侵彻性能提升了约29.69%,可见钛合金的结构参数对复合装甲板抗弹性能的影响权重大于SiC;钛合金背板面密度的增加不仅增强了对陶瓷的支撑作用,而且增加了弹-靶作用时间,提升了复合靶板的整体防护性能;12.7mm穿燃弹侵彻后复合装甲板的损伤模式包括SiC碎裂、钛合金背板少量隆起变形及十字形拉伸撕裂损伤、UHMWPE层合纤维背板剪切断裂、层间分离和纤维拉伸;在整体复合装甲的设计中,应将高抗剪材料放置在背板的前几层,将高抗拉材料放置在背板后几层,以充分利用每种材料。

YU Y L , WANG X D , REN W K , et al. Anti-penetration performance and damage mechanism of three-layer composite ceramic armor [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 1 ): 44 - 57 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0319 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0319 In order to investigate the effects of composite structural parameters of Kevlar/SiC-TC4-UHMWPE composite target plates with the same areal density on their anti-ballistic performances and their failure mechanisms,the samples of four different thickness combinations of target plates were selected,and the ballistic impact tests were conducted using 12.7mm armor-piercing incendiary (API) projectiles at the same impact velocity (488m/s). A scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used to study the damage mode of composite armor plate under ballistic penetration. The experimental results show that the Kevlar/SiC-TC4-UHMWPE composite target plate with a thickness combination of 8mm+2mm+10mm under the described experimental conditions is the best structure for anti-penetration engineering. The anti-ballistic performance of the composite armor plate is improved by about 29.69% under the same areal density conditions when 1mm thick ceramic is replaced by a TC4 titanium alloy back plate (about 0.5mm thick) with the same areal density. This indicates that the structural parameters of titanium alloy have a greater impact on the anti-ballistic performance of the composite armor plate than those of SiC. In addition, the surface density of titanium alloy backplate is increased not only to enhance its support for ceramics, but also increase the time for projectile-target interaction, thus improving the overall protection performance of composite target plate. The damage mode of the composite armor plate after being penetrated by a 12.7mm API projectile includes SiC fragmentation, the small uplift deformation, “cross” stretching and tearing damage of titanium alloy back plate, and the shear fracture, interlayer separation and fiber stretching of UHMWPE composite fiber back plate. In the design of the overall composite armor, the high-shear resistant materials should be placed in the front layers of the back plate, while the high-tensile resistant materials should be placed in the back layers of the back plate in order to fully utilize each material.

刘东旭 , 温垚珂 , 董方栋 , 等 . SiC/UHMWPE防弹插板在步枪弹侵彻下的动态响应研究 [J ] . 振动与冲击 , 2023 , 42 ( 12 ): 264 - 273 .

LIU D X , WEN Y K , DONG F D , et al. A study on the dynamic response of the rifle bullet penetration into a SiC/UHMWPE ballistic plate [J ] . Journal of Vibration and Shock , 2023 , 42 ( 12 ): 264 - 273 . (in Chinese)

刘保华 , 徐文龙 , 王成 , 等 . 接触爆炸下聚脲涂层增强钢板的抗爆性能 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 5 ): 1637 - 1647 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2023.0090 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2023.0090 为满足装甲车等武器装备在接触爆炸下的防护需求,通过实验与数值模拟开展单层钢板及迎/背爆面聚脲增强钢板接触爆炸下的抗爆性能研究,分析不同面密度、不同聚脲涂覆位置下钢板的破坏模式及防护机理,探究在一定面密度下钢板-聚脲厚度比对复合结构抗爆性能的影响。研究结果表明:背爆面涂覆等厚度聚脲能够有效减小钢板背面穿孔及拉伸破坏,降低结构残余位移,迎爆面涂覆等厚度聚脲能够显著增强结构抗爆能力,使接触爆炸下的钢板损伤大大降低;相同面密度下,聚脲吸能性能与聚脲厚度正相关,但是聚脲过厚会导致复合结构变形加大,稳定性降低;综合考虑聚脲增强钢板结构的破坏变形、速度衰减以及能量吸收情况,在研究范围内,钢板迎爆面涂覆厚度比为1∶0.78的聚脲层具有最佳的抗爆性能。

LIU B H , XU W L , WANG C , et al. Contact explosion resistance of steel plates reinforced with polyurea coating [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 5 ): 1637 - 1647 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2023.0090 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2023.0090 The blast-resistant performances of single-layer steel plates and polyurea-coated steel plates under contact explosion are studied to address the protection requirements of armored vehicles and other weapons. Both experimental and numerical simulation approaches are employed to analyze the damage modes and protection mechanisms of steel plates with different areal densities and polyurea coating positions. The impact of the ratio of polyurea thickness to steel plate thickness on the blast-resistant performance of the composite structure is also explored. The results show that coating the back face of steel plate with constant thickness polyurea can effectively reduce the perforation and tensile failure on its back and decrease the residual displacement, while coating the front face with constant thickness polyurea can significantly enhance the blast resistance of the structure and greatly reduce the damage to the steel plate under contact explosion. Under the condition of the same areal density, the energy absorption performance of polyurea is positively correlated with its thickness, but the excessive thickness of polyurea may cause greater deformation and reduced stability of the composite structure. Taking into account the deformation, velocity attenuation and energy absorption of polyurea-coated steel plates, the study finds that the steel plate with a polyurea layer on the front face at a thickness ratio of 1∶0.78 has the best blast-resistant performance within the scope of the research.

SEIFERT W , STRASSBURGER E , DOLAK M , et al. Experimental study on the dependency of the ballistic performance of tiled ceramic/metal targets on inter tile gap width and projectile impact position [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2018 , 122 : 50 - 59 .

JIUSTI J , KAMMER E H , NECKEL L , et al. Ballistic performance of Al 2 O 3 mosaic armors with gap-filling materials [J ] . Ceramics International , 2017 , 43 ( 2 ): 2697 - 2704 .

SHEN Y H , WANG Y W , DU S F , et al. Effects of the adhesive layer on the multi-hit ballistic performance of ceramic/metal composite armors [J ] . Journal of Materials Research and Technology , 2021 , 13 : 1496 - 1508 .

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袁瑞 , 温垚珂 , 刘东旭 , 等 . 典型7.62mm狙击弹对有生目标的杀伤效应 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 9 ): 2973 - 2981 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2023.0553 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2023.0553 为了研究典型7.62mm狙击弹在不同距离上对有生目标造成的杀伤效应,采用自适应光滑流体动力学方法(Adaptive Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, ASPH)构建数值计算模型,获得不同距离上该弹丸对弹道明胶造成的瞬时空腔尺寸,并与相应实验结果进行验证;基于自主开发的人体易损性评估软件,获得该狙击弹在200m、400m和800m上命中人体胸部时可能造成的损伤严重度。研究结果表明:ASPH方法兼顾了计算精度和计算效率,适用于求解侵彻大变形问题;相同侵彻速度下攻角大的弹丸在明胶中翻滚更早,受到的加速度作用力更大,靶标厚度对弹丸运动过程和杀伤效果也有着重要影响;2°攻角下,射击距离为200m时造成的瞬时空腔直径分别为400m和800m时的1.14倍和1.44倍;2°攻角下,7.62mm狙击弹200m时侵彻初始阶段加速度峰值分别为400m和800m时的1.63倍和3.8倍;基于人体易损性评估软件,当射击距离分别为200m、400m和800m时,命中人体胸部剑突右上方情况下造成的最大简明创伤评分分别为6(死亡)、5(危重伤)和4(严重),新损伤严重度评分分别为75、57和48,随着命中距离的增加,人员死亡概率从96.8%下降到60.3%。

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