DONG Z , TORBATI-SARRAF H , HUANG C , et al. Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of structural steel fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) [J ] . Materials & Design , 2024 ,244:113158.

杜泽林 . 5B06铝合金电弧增材制造构件的应力与变形控制研究 [D ] . 沈阳 : 沈阳大学 , 2020 .

DU Z L . Study on stress and deformation control of 5B06 aluminum alloy [D ] . Shenyang : Shenyang University , 2020 . (in Chinese)

MOHD MANSOR M S , RAJA S , YUSOF F , et al. Integrated approach to wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) optimization:Harnessing the synergy of process parameters and deposition strategies [J ] . Journal of Materials Research and Technology , 2024 ,30: 2478 - 2499 .

李颖 . 电弧增材制造热效应、残余应力与变形规律的研究 [D ] . 福州 : 福州大学 , 2021 .

LI Y . Research on thermal effect,residual stress and deformation law of wire and arc additive manufacturing [D ] . Fuzhou : Fuzhou University , 2021 . (in Chinese)

潘宇 , 吕彦明 , 赵鹏 , 等 . 电弧增材单道多层应力场数值模拟与变形分析 [J ] . 机械科学与技术 , 2023 , 42 ( 5 ): 765 - 71 .

PAN Y , LYU Y M , ZHAO P , et al. Numerical simulation and deformation analysis of single-pass multi-layer stress field in arc additive manufacturing [J ] . Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering , 2023 , 42 ( 5 ): 765 - 71 . (in Chinese)

王虎 . 电弧增材制造过程中温度场、应力场及变形的数值模拟 [D ] . 重庆 : 重庆大学 , 2022 .

WANG H . Numerical simulation of temperature field,stress field and deformation during wire-arc additive manufacturing [D ] . Chongqing : Chongqing University , 2022 . (in Chinese)

MATHEWS R , KARANDIKAR J , TYLER C , et al. Residual stress accumulation in large-scale Ti-6Al-4V wire-arc additive manufacturing [J ] . Procedia CIRP , 2024 ,121: 180 - 185 .

XIE D Q , LÜ F , YANG Y W , et al. A review on distortion and residual stress in additive manufacturing [J ] . Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering:Additive Manufacturing Frontiers , 2022 , 1 ( 3 ): 100039 .

GORNYAKOV V , DING J L , SUN Y L , et al. Understanding and designing post-build rolling for mitigation of residual stress and distortion in wire arc additively manufactured components [J ] . Materials & Design , 2022 ,213:110335.

LIANG X , CHENG L , CHEN Q , et al. A modified method for estimating inherent strains from detailed process simulation for fast residual distortion prediction of single-walled structures fabricated by directed energy deposition [J ] . Additive Manufacturing , 2018 ,23: 471 - 486 .

SUN J M , DILGER K . Thermal cycle method’s applicable conditions for predicting residual stresses in low-strength steel weldments induced by arc welding [J ] . Thermal Science and Engineering Progress , 2024 ,47:102260.

ALHAKEEM M M , MOLLAMAHMUTOGLU M , YILMAZ O , et al. A deposition strategy for wire arc additive manufacturing based on temperature variance analysis to minimize overflow and distortion [J ] . Journal of Manufacturing Processes , 2023 ,85: 1208 - 1220 .

MUKHERJEE T , ZHANG W , DEBROY T . An improved prediction of residual stresses and distortion in additive manufacturing [J ] . Computational Materials Science , 2017 ,126: 360 - 372 .

潘建刚 . 基于激光扫描数据的三维重建关键技术研究 [D ] . 北京 : 首都师范大学 , 2005 .

PAN J G . The reseach of the key problems of 3D reconstruction from laser scan data [D ] . Beijing : Capital Normal University , 2005 . (in Chinese)

ZHANG C G , SHU J P , ZHANG H , et al. Estimation of load-carrying capacity of cracked RC beams using 3D digital twin model integrated with point clouds and images [J ] . Engineering Structures , 2024 ,310:118126.

KIM M K , WANG Q , PARK J W , et al. Automated dimensional quality assurance of full-scale precast concrete elements using laser scanning and BIM [J ] . Automation in Construction , 2016 ,72: 102 - 114 .

孙婧妍 . 高温电阻应变片应力监测可靠性测试实验研究 [D ] . 武汉 : 武汉工程大学 , 2022 .

SUN J Y . Experimental study on reliability test of high temperature resistance strain gauge stress monitoring [D ] . Wuhan : Wuhan University of Engineering , 2022 . (in Chinese)

陈竞瑶 . AISI304不锈钢激光焊与TIG焊对比研究 [D ] . 上海 : 上海交通大学 , 2018 .

CHEN J Y . A comparative study between laser beam welding and tungsten inert gas welding of AISI304 stainless steel [D ] . Shanghai : Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 2018 . (in Chinese)

刘国昌 . 激光电弧复合增材制造路径规划计算机仿真及工艺研究 [D ] . 长春 : 长春理工大学 , 2020 .

LIU G C . Research on computer simulation of path planning and process for laser arc hybrid additive manufacturing [D ] . Changchun : Changchun University of Science and Technology , 2020 . (in Chinese)

KIK T , GARAŠIĆ I , PERIĆ M , et al. Modifications of the heat source model in numerical analyses of the metal-cored arc welding process [J ] . Energy , 2024 ,302:131811.

ABERBACHE H , MATHIEU A , BOLOT R , et al. Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of laser welding of thin austenitic stainless-steel sheets using two models:bilinear isotropic strain hardening model and Johnson-Cook model [J ] . Journal of Advanced Joining Processes , 2024 ,9:100198.

王磊 , 杜劭峰 , 李红星 , 等 . 钛合金蒙皮-骨架结构激光焊接变形规律模拟 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2025 , 46 ( 3 ): 240017 . https://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0017. https://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0017. https://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0017. https://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0017.

WANG L , DU S F , LI H X , et al. Investigation of deformation laws during laser beam welding of a skin skeleton structure using numerical simulation [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2025 , 46 ( 3 ): 240017 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0017 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0017 Titanium alloy is commonly used in the skin-skeleton structure of various aircraft rudder and wing components,which has received widespread attention in the weapons,aviation and aerospace industries.In this work,the laser welding deformation of a titanium alloy skin-skeleton structure is taken as the research object.The influence of welding sequences on welding deformation and stress is simulated and investigated using the thermal cycling method,and the welding sequences are optimized.The welding deformation and stress are significantly reduced by adding the turnover process in the welding.The results show that the peak welding stress is reduced by 27.4% from the original 1027.18MPa to 745.30MPa by prioritizing welding in the center area of the skin and adding multiple overturns during welding.The deformations at the feature points P 1 , P 2 and P 3 are decreased from the original 0.168mm,0.178mm and 0.198mm to 0.066mm,0.028mm and 0.021mm,respectively,by 60.7%,84.3% and 89.4%.The laser welding deformation of skin-skeleton structure is measured by a 3D laser scanner.Compared with the experimental results,the average error of the calculated results is 9.98%,which verifies the accuracy of the finite element model and the optimized welding sequence.