ASAY B W . Shock wave science and technology reference library,Vol. 5:non-shock initiation of explosives [M ] . Heidelberg,Baden-Württemberg,Germany : Springer , 2010 : 245 - 401 .

胡海波 , 傅华 , 李涛 , 等 . 压装密实炸药装药非冲击点火反应传播与烈度演化实验研究进展 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2020 , 40 ( 1 ): 011404 .

HU H B , FU H , LI T , et al. Progress in experimental studies on the evolution behaviors of non-shock initiation reaction in low porosity pressed explosive with confinement [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2020 , 40 ( 1 ): 011404 . (in Chinese)

黄辉 , 黄亨建 , 王杰 , 等 . 安全弹药的发展思路与技术途径 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2023 , 31 ( 10 ): 1079 - 1087 .

HUANG H , HUANG H J , WANG J , et al . Development ideas and technical approaches for safety ammunition [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2023 , 31 ( 10 ): 1079 - 1087 . (in Chinese)

ANNIYAPPAN M , TALAWAR M B , SINHA R K , et al . Review on advanced energetic materials for insensitive munition formulations [J ] . Combustion,Explosion,and Shock Waves , 2020 , 56 : 495 - 519 .

蒙君煚 , 周霖 , 曹同堂 , 等 . 2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN) 基熔铸炸药研究进展 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2019 , 28 ( 1 ): 13 - 24 .

MENG J J , ZHOU L , CAO T T , et al . Research progress of 2,4-dinitroanisole-based melt-cast explosives [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2019 , 28 ( 1 ): 13 - 24 . (in Chinese)

段卓平 , 白志玲 , 白孟璟 , 等 . 强约束固体炸药燃烧裂纹网络反应演化模型 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 11 ): 2291 - 2299 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.11.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.11.001 为表征受约束装药非冲击点火后的反应演化行为，建立了燃烧裂纹网络反应演化理论模型。该模型量化了反应烈度，通过与实验结果对比验证了模型的适应性。结果表明：壳体约束越强，高温产物气体自增强燃烧越迅速，装药反应越剧烈，壳体破坏时装药反应度越大；装药结构尺寸越大，炸药反应初期高温产物气体流动和表面燃烧导致裂纹增压扩展过程的时间越长，但后期反应越剧烈，壳体破坏时装药反应度越大；点火阈值压力对装药最终的反应烈度影响不明显。炸药燃烧裂纹网络反应演化模型可较好地反映炸药本征燃烧速率、约束强度、装药结构尺寸等对反应演化的影响规律，为弹药在意外刺激下的安全性设计和烈度量化评估提供了理论基础。

DUAN Z P , BAI Z L , BAI M J , et al . Burning-crack networks model for combustion reaction growth of solid explosives with strong confinement [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 11 ): 2291 - 2299 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.11.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.11.001 A theoretical model for burning-crack networks is developed to characterize the non-shock initiation reaction growth behavior of solid explosives with strong confinement and give a quantification of reaction violence.The model is verified by comparing the calculated results with the experimental data. It is found that the stronger the confinement is，the faster the self-sustaining enhanced combustion is，and the more violent the reaction is for confinement failure. Moreover，the larger the charge size is，the longer the process of crack pressurization caused by gas flow and surface combustion at the initial reaction stage is，but the more violent the reaction is at the later self-sustaining enhanced combustion，and the greater the reaction degree is for confinement failure.The ignition intensity has no significant effect on the final reaction intensity of explosive charge.The results show that the theoretical burning-crack networks model is suitable for describing the effects of the intrinsic combustion rate of explosives，the confinement strength，the charge structure size，the air-gap volume and the pressure relief vent on the reaction growth of explosive charge，thus providing a theoretical method for the explosive safety design and the evaluation of explosives reaction violence.

白志玲 , 段卓平 , 李治 , 等 . 热刺激约束DNAN基不敏感熔铸炸药装药点火后反应演化调控模型 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2023 , 31 ( 10 ): 1004 - 1012 .

BAI Z L , DUAN Z P , LI Z , et al . Regulation model for reaction evolution of confined DNAN-based cast explosives after ignition under thermal stimulation [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2023 , 31 ( 10 ): 1004 - 1012 . (in Chinese)

KUMAR P , VARSHNEY M , MANASH A . Combustion performance studies of aluminum and boron based composite solid propellants in sub-atmospheric pressure regimes [J ] . Propulsion and Power Research , 2019 , 8 ( 4 ): 329 - 338 .

NAYA T , KOHGA M . Influences of particle size and content of HMX on burning characteristics of HMX-based propellant [J ] . Aerospace Science and Technology , 2013 , 27 ( 1 ): 209 - 215 .

沙本尚 . 基于光学测量的NEPE高能复合固体推进剂燃面铝团聚试验研究 [D ] . 长沙 : 国防科学技术大学 , 2021 .

SHA B S . Experimental study on aluminum agglomeration on the burning surface of NEPE high performance propellant based on optical measurement [D ] . Changsha : National University of Defense Technology , 2021 . (in Chinese)

孙得川 , 贤光 . 超声波测量大尺寸固体火箭发动机燃速的关键技术 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 4 ): 1097 - 1106 .

SUN D C , XIAN G . Key technology for ultrasonic measurement of burning rate in large-scale solid rocket motors [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2023 , 44 ( 4 ): 1097 - 1106 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0805 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0805 Measuring the true burning rate of a solid rocket motor (SRM) is a challenging problem in SRM research and development. Ultrasonic measurement has been proven to be a feasible solution. This study provides an overview of the related technologies for measuring dynamic and large-scale motor burning rates using ultrasonic technology. Static tests of steel shell/propellant assembly and high-temperature verification tests of the steel shell solid motor are carried out using low-frequency ultrasonic technology. After review and experimental verification, it is determined that low-frequency ultrasonic is the most feasible approach for measuring the burning rate of large-scale SRM. A further research direction is to optimize the probe layout. The study also provides suggestions for ultrasonic data processing.

DURAND J É , LESTRADE J Y , ANTHOINE J . Restitution methodology for space and time dependent solid-fuel port diameter evolution in hybrid rocket engines [J ] . Aerospace Science and Technology , 2021 , 110 : 106497 .

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MAIENSCHEIN J L , WARDELL J F , WEESE R K , et al . Understanding and predicting the thermal explosion violence of HMX-based and RDX-based explosives-experimental measurements of material properties and reaction violence [R ] . Livermore,CA , US : Lawrence Livermore National Lab , 2002 .

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GLASCOE E , MAIENSCHEIN J , LORENZ K , et al .Deflagration rate measurements of three insensitive high explosives: LLM-105,TATB,and DAAF [R ] . Livermore,CA , US : Lawrence Livermore National Lab , 2010 .

COOPER M A , OLIVER M S . The burning regimes and conductive burn rates of titanium subhydride potassium perchlorate(TiH1.65/KClO4) in hybrid closed bomb-strand burner experiments [J ] . Combustion and Flame , 2013 , 160 ( 11 ): 2619 - 2630 .

温刚 , 堵平 , 廖昕 . 用密闭爆发器测定发射药实际燃速的原理和方法 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2011 , 34 ( 3 ): 57 - 60 . A principle anda method of measuring actual burning rate of propellant by closed bomb werepresented. Through designing standard structure propellant and revising theform function, it can eliminate the influence of burning surface area change onburning performance test. Using the methods of mathematics transform to disposethe testing data, it can eliminate the influence of pressure change on burningperformance test. Through tests to validate this method, the results testifythat the principle and method can get actual burning rate of propellant.

WEN G , DU P , LIAO X . Principle and method of measuring actual burning rate of propellant by closed bomb [J ] . Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants , 2011 , 34 ( 3 ): 57 - 60 . (in Chinese)

姚奎光 , 赵学峰 , 樊星 , 等 . 高压下PBX-1炸药的燃速-压力特性 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2020 , 40 ( 1 ): 011404 .

YAO K G , ZHAO X F , FAN X , et al . Burn rate-pressure characteristic for PBX-1 explosive at high pressures [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2020 , 40 ( 1 ): 011404 . (in Chinese)

SON S F , BERGHOUT H L , BOLME C A , et al . Burn rate measurements of HMX,TATB,DHT,DAAF,and BTATz [J ] . Proceedings of the Combustion Institute , 2000 , 28 ( 1 ): 919 - 924 .

GLASCOR E A , MAIENSCHEIN J L , LORENZ K T , et al . Deflagration rate measurements of three insensitive high explosives:LLM-105,TATB,and DAAF [R ] . Livermore,CA,US:Lawrence Livermore National Lab , 2010 .

MAIENSCHEIN J L , DENSMORE J M , GLASCOE E A , et al . High pressure deflagration of heated LX-17,an insensitive high explosive [R ] . Livermore,CA,US:Lawrence Livermore National Lab , 2018 .

HUANG X L , ZHAI Z H , FU H , et al . Experimental investigation of the deflagration rate for PBX utilizing terahertz-wave-based Doppler velocimetry [J ] . JOSA B , 2022 , 39 ( 3 ): A25 - A30 .

胡松启 , 韩进朝 , 刘林林 . 丁羟推进剂高压燃速及其调控方法研究进展 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2022 , 45 ( 4 ): 452 - 465 . DOI: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202203002 http://doi.org/10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202203002 为了快速预测聚能装药射流速度,减少数值模拟的计算成本,构建了自适应克里金模型,通过少量的数值模拟结果,对参数在一定范围内的聚能装药射流速度进行了预测。在Matlab平台中,以药型罩锥角、罩壁厚、装填炸药参数作为输入值、射流速度作为输出值,构建了自适应克里金模型,通过学习函数反复加入训练样本,直至模型收敛,实现了对测试样本射流速度的预测。为了验证所建立克里金模型的准确度,将其预测结果与数值模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明,克里金模型对聚能射流速度的预测结果与数值模拟结果之间的误差小于2%,说明所构建的自适应克里金模型能够在保证计算精度的情况下,实现在不同炸药装药、不同药型罩参数的条件下,对聚能射流速度的快速预测,该方法能够兼顾预测精度和计算成本,并提高其计算效率。

HU S Q , HAN J C , LIU L L . Research progress on high-pressure burning rate and regulation methods of HTPB propellants research progress on high-pressure burning rate and regulation methods of HTPB propellants [J ] . Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants , 2022 , 45 ( 4 ): 452 - 465 . (in Chinese)

DUAN Z P , BAI M J , BAI Z L , et al . Combustion crack-network reaction evolution model for highly-confined explosives [J ] . Defence Technology , 2023 , 26 : 54 - 67 .

尚海林 , 杨洁 , 胡秋实 , 等 . 炸药裂缝中的对流燃烧现象实验研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 1 ): 99 - 106 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.01.012 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.01.012 为研究高能炸药裂缝中燃烧演化规律，加深对武器装药意外点火后发生高烈度反应复杂力学-热学-化学耦合过程的机理性认识，采用热点火方式结合高速摄影、压力测量等测试技术，对奥克托今基JO-9159粘结炸药预置裂缝中燃烧演化过程开展实验观测。结合气动壅塞理论分析了裂缝宽度对燃烧演化的影响。结果表明：在较强约束条件下，炸药内部亚毫米宽度的裂缝燃烧能够产生超过200 MPa的压力，火焰传播速度超过600 m/s；裂缝宽度越大，装置解体前燃烧产生的峰值压力越低，对流燃烧传播速度越快。

SHANG H L , YANG J , HU Q S , et al . Experimental research on convective burning in explosive cracks [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 1 ): 99 - 106 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.01.012 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.01.012 To investigate the evolution law of burning in high explosive cracks and understand the mechanism of the complicated mechanical-heat-chemical coupling process for high intensity reaction of projectile fillings during accidental ignition, the evolutionary process of burning in preformed cracks inside HMX-based PBX under non-shock initiation was recorded by high-speed camera and pressure transducers. The influences of different crack widths on burning evolution are analyzed based on gas-dynamic choking theory. Experimental results reveal that, under relatively high constraint conditions, the convective burning in sub-millimeter cracks of explosive can produce high pressure exceeding 200 MPa, and the flame propagation speed exceeds 600 m/s. The comparison of different crack widths indicates that the pressure due to convective burning decreases with the increase in crack width, but the burning propagation speed increases. Key

朱道理 , 周霖 , 张向荣 , 等 . DNAN及TNT基熔铸炸药综合性能比较 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2019 , 27 ( 11 ): 923 - 930 .

ZHU D L , ZHOU L , ZHANG X R , et al . Comparison of comprehensive properties for DNAN and TNT-based melt-cast explosives [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2019 , 27 ( 11 ): 923 - 930 . (in Chinese)

杨年 , 马腾 , 黄寅生 , 等 . 损伤对DNAN基熔铸炸药点火后反应增长的影响 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2023 , 46 ( 11 ): 990 - 998 .

YANG N , MA T , HUANG Y S , et al . Effect of damage on reaction growth of DNAN based melt-cast explosive after ignition [J ] . Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants , 2023 , 46 ( 11 ): 990 - 998 . (in Chinese)

许礼吉 , 段卓平 , 白志玲 , 等 . RDX基PBX炸药热损伤演化行为的量化表征 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 7 ): 2002 - 2013 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0296 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0296 炸药热损伤特征及演化行为对装药安全性具有重要影响。综合采用微米级计算机断层扫描和定量图像分析方法,系统研究热处理过程中某RDX基PBX炸药内部产生的损伤特征,包括损伤形貌特征、损伤量化表征和损伤形成机制。炸药样品被加热到不同温度,直至接近其临界点火温度,热损伤后炸药内部细观结构发生显著变化,产生RDX颗粒-粘结剂界面力学脱粘、RDX颗粒内部热分解形成微孔以及脱粘区域汇集形成连通孔隙等典型损伤特征。定量分析表征损伤的多个关键参量如孔隙率、孔隙尺寸分布、孔隙比表面积、球度和泛形复杂度等随温度的变化规律,揭示了RDX基PBX炸药热损伤形成机制和损伤演化规律。所得研究成果为研究热损伤对炸药点火响应的敏化机制、建立炸药损伤点火反应演化泛形模型提供了物理基础。

XU L J , DUAN Z P , BAI Z L , et al . Quantitative characterization of thermal damage evolution of RDX-based PBX explosives [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2023 , 44 ( 7 ): 2002 - 2013 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0296 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0296 The thermal damaged features and evolutionbehaviors of high explosives (HEs) play a crucial roleintheir safety. In this study, micro-scale computerized tomography (Micro-CT)technology and quantitative image analysis were used to systematicallyinvestigatethe mesostructural defects in RDX-based PBXs after thermal damage, including defect geometrical features,quantitative statistics, and formation mechanism. The samples were heated untilreaching the critical ignition temperature. Significant changes in mesostructural morphology of the thermal damaged samples were observed,resulting in typical damage characteristics such asmechanical debonding of RDX particle-binder interfaces,meso-pores formed by thermal decomposition of RDX particles,and channels through interconnection of interfacial debonding. The variation of several key parameters with temperature used to characterize thermal damages were quantitatively analyzed,including porosity,pore size distribution,specific surface area,sphericity, and ubiquitiformal complexity.Through qualitative and quantitative observation of the mesostucture, the thermal damage mode and evolution of RDX-based PBXs with increasing temperature were obtained. This study provides physical basisfor investigating the sensitization mechanism of thermal damage on explosive ignition response and establishing a ubiquitiformal model for the ignition reaction evolution of damaged explosives.

BERGHOUT H L , SON S F , SKIDMORE C B , et al. Combustion of damaged PBX 9501 explosive [J ] . Thermochimica Acta , 2002 , 384 ( 1/2 ): 261 - 277 .