黄辉 , 黄亨建 , 王杰 , 等 . 安全弹药的发展思路与技术途径 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2023 , 31 ( 10 ): 1079 - 1087 .

HUANG H , HUANG H J , WANG J , et al . Development ideas and technical approaches for safety ammunition [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2023 , 31 ( 10 ): 1079 - 1087 . (in Chinese)

邹金龙 , 雷雅茹 . 不敏感弹药对引信技术的要求内涵 [J ] . 探测与控制学报 , 2016 , 38 ( 1 ): 1 - 6 .

ZOU J L , LEI Y R . Insensitive munition requirements for fuze technology [J ] . Journal of Detection & Control , 2016 , 38 ( 1 ): 1 - 6 . (in Chinese)

李亮亮 , 沈飞 , 王胜强 , 等 . 外部涂层及包覆层对HAE装药快速烤燃实验的影响 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2019 , 42 ( 2 ): 202 - 206 . DOI: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.2019.02.017 http://doi.org/10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.2019.02.017 为研究外电场对共晶含能材料HMX/DMI感度的影响,分别采用DFT-B3LYP-D3、M06-2X-D3和ωB97XD方法,在6-311+G(d, p)水平下,对HMX/DMI的稳定构型施加±0.005a.u.、±0.010a.u.、0.00a.u.的外电场,分析了电子密度转移、硝基基团电荷、分子表面静电势及引发键变化。结果表明,施加正向外电场时,电场强度越大,炸药感度越高。施加负向外电场时,电场强度越大,炸药感度越低; 随着负向外加电场的增强,引发键电子云密度越大,引发键强度增大,导致HMX/DMI感度降低; 负向外加电场增加,硝基基团所带负电荷由0.126e增至0.325e,感度降低; 分子表面静电势研究分析表明,施加负向电场时,分子表面静电势增大,共晶感度降低; 引发键变化分析表明,负向外加电场强度增加,引发键键长由0.1386nm降至0.1367nm,引发键键解离能由180.252kJ/mol增加到180.782kJ/mol,共晶化合物感度降低。

LI L L , SHEN F , WANG S Q , et al . Effect of external shell coating and coating layer on fast cook-off test of HAE charge [J ] . Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants , 2019 , 42 ( 2 ): 202 - 206 . (in Chinese)

孙晓乐 , 刘海青 , 万力伦 , 等 . 高效隔热材料在战斗部中的热防护性能研究 [J ] . 兵工自动化 , 2022 , 41 ( 12 ): 122 - 124 ,128.

SUN X L , LIU H Q , WAN L L , et al . Study on thermal protection performance of high efficiency heat insulation material in warhead [J ] . Ordnance Industry Automation , 2022 , 41 ( 12 ): 122 - 124 ,128. (in Chinese)

潘玥 , 李定华 , 杨荣杰 , 等 . 烤燃环境下引信及其包装材料的热防护涂层性能 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 6 ): 1169 - 1177 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.006 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.006 为提高引信及其包装箱的隔热或防火性能，避免在遇热或火焰时导致安全隐患，研究开发兼备防火及隔热性能的复合防护涂料。结合慢速与快速烤燃模拟试验，分析涂层结构设计对引信外壳及包装材料热防护行为和火安全行为的影响。结果表明：在慢速烤燃测试中，对钢板单独使用防火涂料时，不能起到隔热作用；在防火涂料上涂覆隔热涂料形成复合涂层后，防护效果有显著提升；在慢速和快速烤燃测试中，钢板背面温度分别降低了32 ℃和157 ℃. 进一步将复合涂层应用于引信壳体和引信包装箱板材，背面温度在慢速烤燃测试中分别降低33 ℃和21 ℃，在快速烤燃测试中分别降低105 ℃和117 ℃，起到了有效隔热或防火作用。

PAN Y , LI D H , YANG R J , et al . Performance of thermal protection coating of fuze and its packaging materials in cook-off test [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 6 ): 1169 - 1177 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.006 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.006 A sandwich structural coating with both fire resistance and thermal insulation properties is developed to improve the heat insulation/fire resistance performances of fuze and its packaging box. The use of coatings help to avoid the potential safety hazards caused by thermal stimulation. The slow and fast cook-off tests were made to analyze the thermal insulation performances of different coating structures. The results show that the fireproof coating used alone could not serve as a thermal insulation in the slow cook-off test. After applying an insulation outer coating layer, a strong protective layer could be formed under thermal stimulation. The temperature on the back side of steel plate is reduced by 32 ℃ in the slow cook-off test and 157 ℃ in fast cook-off test. The sandwich structural coating is applied to fuze shells and their packaging boxes. And it plays an important role in heat insulation/fire resistance performance. Compared with the unprotected specimen, the sandwich structural coatings could reduce the temperatures on the back side of steel plate by 21 ℃ and 33 ℃ in the slow cook-off test, and 117 ℃ and 105 ℃ in the fast cook-off test.

白孟璟 , 段卓平 , 白志玲 , 等 . 内/外隔热复合结构炸药装药快速烤燃热防护效应 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 5 ): 1555 - 1563 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2023.0065 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2023.0065 为了研究快速烤燃(火烧)条件下炸药装药内/外隔热复合结构(内隔热材料/外阻燃材料)的热防护效应,对多种内/外隔热复合结构的炸药装药进行多点测温快速烤燃试验,得到火焰场和炸药装药各测点的温度-时间曲线及装药点火响应时间。开展内/外隔热复合结构炸药装药快速烤燃数值模拟,获得内/外隔热复合结构对装药快速烤燃点火响应时间的影响规律。研究结果表明:在快速烤燃过程中,外阻燃材料由于火烧变性存在导热增强及隔热减弱效应,在数值模拟中需考虑该效应;无论使用单独的隔热/阻燃材料还是使用内/外隔热复合结构,炸药装药的点火响应时间均随着材料涂覆厚度增加而延后,其中内/外隔热复合结构具有更好的热防护能力;点火位置均发生在装药端面棱角处,装药点火后反应烈度不受内/外隔热复合结构影响,反应等级均为爆燃;对于一定热防护性能范围内的隔热阻燃材料,壳体外表面涂层材料是耐高温纳米隔热材料、壳体内表面涂层材料是高效隔热防护材料时复合结构的隔热效果最好,并且当需求的隔热效果给定时,可考虑优先增加壳体外表面涂层的涂覆厚度,实现以最小涂覆厚度的内/外隔热复合结构满足所需的隔热效果。研究成果可为提升弹药热安全性设计提供参考。

BAI M J , DUAN Z P , BAI Z L , et al . Fast cook-off thermal protection effects of inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures of explosive charge [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 5 ): 1555 - 1563 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2023.0065 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2023.0065 In order to study the thermal protection effects of the inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures (inner heat-insulating material/outer combustion-insulating material) of explosive charges under the condition of fast cook-off (burning), the multi-point temperature measurement fast cook-off experiments are carried out on explosive charges with various forms of inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures. The temperature-time curves of flame and each measuring point of explosive charge and the ignition response time of the charge are obtained. The fast cook-off ignition of explosive charges with different inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures is numerically simulated to obtain the influence law of inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures on the ignition response time of charge under fast cook-off. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the outer combustion-insulating material is increased and its thermal insulation is weakened due to the burning and denaturation of the material during the process of fast cook-off experiment. This effect should be considered in numerical simulation. The ignition response time of explosive charge is delayed with the increase in the coating thickness of both heat-insulating and combustion-insulating materials, whether using separate insulating/combustion-insulating materials or inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures. The inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures have better thermal protection ability and can significantly delay the ignition response time of the charge. The ignition position all occurs at the corner of the end face of the charge, and the reaction intensity after ignition is not affected by the inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures and is always the deflagration. For insulating/combustion-insulating materials within a certainprotection performance range, the composite structure has the best heat-insulating effect when the coating material on the outer surface of the shell is HGN and the coating material on the inner surface of the shell is GXTI, and when the required heat-insulating effect is given, it is possible to consider increasing the coating thickness of the outer surface coating of the shell first to achieve the optimal thermal protection effect of inner and outer heat-insulating composite structures with minimum coating thickness. The research results provide reference for improving ammunition thermal safety design.

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肖游 , 智小琦 , 王琦 . 基于FDS与CFD组合的快速烤燃数值模拟 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2022 , 45 ( 4 ): 536 - 543 . DOI: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202201012 http://doi.org/10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202201012 介绍了单原子催化剂的制备方法和表征技术，分析了单原子燃烧催化剂在固体推进剂领域的作用效果，指出单原子催化剂具有高催化活性和选择性、高稳定性和100% 原子利用率等显著优势，预测了单原子燃烧催化剂的两大重点发展方向，分别是从微观结构多样化设计与构建方面丰富单原子燃烧催化剂体系以及从分子层面认知催化反应机理，明确固体推进剂单原子催化燃烧机制。

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ZHU M , WANG S A , HUANG H , et al . Numerical and experimental study on the response characteristics of warhead in the fast cook-off process [J ] . Defence Technology , 2021 , 17 ( 4 ): 1444 - 1452 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.08.001 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.08.001 The response characteristics of the warhead under thermal stimuli conditions are important to the safety improvement. The goal of this study is to obtain data on the warhead in the fast cook-off process. In this paper, a numerical calculation method is proposed, whose reliability is supported by comparison with experimental results. Through the numerical calculation, the temperature distribution, temperature change, and ignition time are acquired. The numerical results show that the ignition time is 76 s after the warhead started to burn and that the maximum temperature of the explosive's outer surface is 238.3 °C at the ignition time. The fast cook-off experiment of the warhead is implemented so as to get the flame temperature and reaction grades that are not available through numerical calculation. The experimental results show that the overpressure fails to reach the preset minimum value which is equivalent to 6 kg of TNT and that the reaction grade is deflagration. The research results have reference value for the design of the warhead and the reduction of detonation risks. © 2020 The Authors

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冯昌林 , 袁德 . 航空炸弹装药热安全性的数值模拟及实验验证 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2022 , 45 ( 3 ): 432 - 438 . DOI: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202203012 http://doi.org/10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202203012 为了探究在原子分子层次上含能低共熔物的形成机制,以甲基硝基胍(MeNQ)/硝基胍(NQ)低共熔物为模型体系,采用高精度的第一性原理计算方法结合Monte Carlo模拟技术,对其分子间相互作用和形成的分子机制进行了研究; 基于氢键形成的基本原则,构建MeNQ和NQ最可几的二聚体模型,在M062X-D3/6-311+G(d, p)水平上对其进行结构优化,得到能量最低的稳定结构; 采用更高精度的计算方法MP2/may-cc-pvtz和PWPB95-D3/ma-def2-QZVPP,得到二聚体的相互作用能,并在sSAPT0/jun-cc-pVDZ水平上对其进行能量分析。结果表明,二聚体分子间作用力的大小顺序为:MeNQ-MeNQ>MeNQ-NQ>NQ-NQ,主要吸引项为静电作用(氢键); 采用加权的Monte Carlo方法预测了MeNQ与NQ二元体系的混合能分布及Flory-Huggins相互作用参数χ_AB; 形态相似的作用能分布曲线表明MeNQ和NQ可互溶; 在模拟的100～800K温度范围内,χ_AB均为稍大于零的正值,说明该体系中分子间的附着力弱于内聚力; MeNQ和NQ为非同晶材料,且存在分子尺寸和形貌上的失配。基于原子分子层次上的结构和作用能分析可以得出,MeNQ和NQ共结晶产物应为低共熔物,而非共晶或固溶体。

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陈科全 , 黄亨建 , 路中华 , 等 . 基于ABAQUS的PBX炸药烤燃试验数值计算 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2014 , 37 ( 2 ): 31 - 36 . 设计了内外层分别由含铝质量分数为5%和20%的DNTF基炸药组成的复合装药。采用直径50mm圆筒试验测量了其爆速及圆筒壁的膨胀位移，研究了不同复合装药结构的能量释放特性，并与单一配方装药进行了对比。结果表明，内层为高爆速炸药时，爆速约为两种单一装药的平均值，后期驱动能力没有显著增强，格尼系数仅为2.86mm/μs；外层为高爆速炸药时，爆速略低于高爆速单一装药，爆轰波形具有明显的内聚特征，提高了内层低爆速炸药的能量释放速率，驱动能力持续增强，格尼系数为2.93mm/μs。

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王晓峰 . 关于不敏感弹药的几点认识 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2022 , 45 ( 3 ): 285 - 289 . DOI: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202112003 http://doi.org/10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202112003 以聚氨酯热熔胶、铝粉和高氯酸铵组成的复合固体推进剂为研究对象,首先通过压延物理混合方法制备了复合固体推进剂,采用SEM和EDS方法对其形貌和组分分布进行了表征,测试了其力学性能、密度和机械感度。为深入了解聚氨酯热熔胶基复合推进剂的流变性能,进一步使用哈克流变仪(HAAKE MARS)研究了增塑剂、剪切速率和温度对其黏度的影响。结果表明,聚氨酯热熔胶基热塑性复合推进剂为假塑性流体,符合Ostwald-de Wale模型。与纯热熔胶体系相比,加入增塑剂的聚氨酯热熔胶基热塑性复合推进剂的高温黏度由4×10⁶Pa·s降至1.5×10⁶Pa·s,黏流活化能由41.53kJ/mol降至28.57kJ/mol。此外,聚氨酯热熔胶基热塑性推进剂随温度升高和剪切速率的增加其黏度逐渐减小,纯热熔胶基推进剂的黏流活化能随剪切速率的增加由41.53kJ/mol降至31.20kJ/mol。

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