徐笑 , 樊黎霞 , 王亚平 , 等 . 身管精锻过程跨尺度多晶体塑性有限元模拟与织构预测 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2016 , 37 ( 7 ): 1180 - 1186 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.07.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.07.004 径向精锻是一种先进的身管制造方法。身管的多晶体材料经锻打后，晶粒会发生择优取向形成织构，在宏观上产生各向异性现象，这是普通有限元方法所无法模拟的。利用数学软件Matlab和程序设计语言Python联合编程并结合有限元软件ABAQUS，建立身管精锻宏观模型和细观多晶体模型；应用跨尺度方法，开发程序实现了宏观力学至微观力学边界条件的继承，使研究的晶粒尺寸达到了真实尺寸。分析微观多晶体模型的晶粒取向变化，使用Matlab编程画出锻后多晶体材料的极图和取向分布函数图，并用X射线衍射试验验证了晶粒取向模拟结果的正确性。建立了将身管径向精锻从宏观锻造到细观织构联系起来的一套研究方法，为预测锻后身管性能变化提供了思路。

XU X , FAN L X , WANG Y P , et al. Trans-scale polycrystalline finite element simulation of radial forging process for barrel and prediction of texture [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2016 , 37 ( 7 ): 1180 - 1186 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.07.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.07.004 Radial forging is an advanced manufacturing method for barrel. After the polycrystalline material of barrel is forged, the preferred orientation of the materials grain forms texture which presents the anisotropy phenomenon macroscopically. This phenomenon can not be simulated using the common finite element analysis (FEA) method. A macroscopic barrel radial forging FEA model and a microscopic polycrystalline plasticity FEA model are established based on ABAQUS code, the mathematical software Matlab and the programming language Python. The multi-scale method is used to program the boundary conditions inheriting from macro-mechanics state to meso-mechanics state which make the size of grain as reality. The pole figures of forged polycrystalline material and the orientation distribution function (ODF) figures are drawn by Matlab, which are used to analyze the orientation change of grain in the microscopic polycrystalline plasticity FEA model. The XRD experiment is used to validate the accuracy of the simulated results. A research method to connect macroscopic forging process and microscopic texture is presented, which provides a new way to predict the mechanical property of barrel after forging.

徐宝池 , 石必坤 , 樊黎霞 , 等 . 冷径向锻造身管壁厚方向变形不均匀性研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2020 , 41 ( 1 ): 13 - 20 . DO I: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.01.002 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.01.002 为分析冷径向锻造身管壁厚方向变形的不均匀性，通过有限元软件、力学拉伸试验和织构研究了身管壁厚方向的变形场、力学性能和织构组分。研究结果表明：身管成形过程中，外表层和中间层材料存在较大剪切应力，受剪切应力的影响，身管壁厚方向各层材料流动速度不一致，引起身管锻造变形不均匀；受变形不均匀的影响，在身管中间层和外表层材料形成剪切织构({112}111， {110}001），导致锻后身管壁厚方向轴向强度性能存在明显差异，表现为外表层和中间层强度较低，内表层强度较高。为对锻后身管壁厚方向变形不均匀性进行控制，通过控制变量法分析了锻造比、尾端压强、轴向进给速度、锤头锻打频率和锤头角度对身管中间层剪切应力分布的影响规律。分析结果表明：选用较高的轴向进给速度和较小的锤头入口角可以降低成形身管壁厚方向的变形不均匀性。

XU B C , SHI B K , FAN L X , et al. Research on deformation inhomogeneity along wall thickness direction of cold radial forged barrel [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2020 , 41 ( 1 ): 13 - 20 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.01.002 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.01.002 In order to analyze the deformation inhomogeneity along wall thickness direction of cold radial forging barrel, the deformation field, mechanical properties and texture components in the wall thickness direction are studied by means of finite element software, mechanical tensile test and texture analysis. The results show that large shear stresses exist in the outer and middle layers of barrel during the forming process. The flow velocity of each layer in the wall thickness direction is inconsistent due to shear stress, thus causing the uneven deformation of barrel. The shear texture ({112} 111，{110} 001) is formed in the middle and outer layers of barrel due to uneven deformation, which results in obvious difference in axial strength performance of barrel wall thickness direction after forging. The strengths of outer and middle layers are lower, and the strength of inner surface layer is higher. In order to control the inhomogeneity along the wall thickness direction of barrel after forging, the influences of forging ratio, tail pressure, axial feed speed, hammer head forging frequency and hammer angle on the shear stress distribution in the middle layer of barrel are analyzed by using the control variable method. The analysis results show that a higher axial feed speed and a smaller hammer inlet angle can be selected to reduce the deformation inhomogeneity along wall thickness direction of formed barrel. Key

KUMAR D , KALRA S , JHA M S . A concise review on degradation of gun barrels and its health monitoring techniques [J ] . Engineering Failure Analysis , 2022 , 142 : 106791 .

许耀峰 , 王军 , 刘朋科 , 等 . 不同持续射击发数对火炮身管寿命的影响 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 4 ): 1034 - 1040 .

XU Y F , WANG J , LIU P K , et al. Influence of different numbers of rounds under continuous firing on gun barrel life [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2023 , 44 ( 4 ): 1034 - 1040 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0852 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0852 The artillery is used with different charges of different types of ammunition (strong charge, full charge, reduced charge, high temperature charge, etc.), and have to undergo rapid continuous firing and performance test firing. It is necessary to study the impact of different charges of different types of ammunition and the number of rounds under rapid continuous firing on the barrel life. At present, for the assessment of barrel life, the method used is mainly to convert the number of projectiles of different types of ammunition into that of standard ammunition or standard ammunition with a specified ratio through the equivalent conversion factor in the national military standard. The existing national military standard equivalent conversion method for barrel life only includes two factors, chamber pressure and muzzle velocity, and does not consider the impact of rate of fire and number of rounds on barrel life, which makes it impossible to effectively evaluate barrel life under different numbers of rounds under continuous firing. The thermochemical ablation model of barrel material is established based on the Arrhenius equation. The influence of different numbers of rounds under continuous firing on the barrel life is studied. The larger the number of rounds under continuous firing, the shorter the barrel life. The accuracy of the thermochemical ablation model is verified by comparing the simulation and test results.

耿雪浩 , 周克栋 , 赫雷 , 等 . 基于镀层界面剪切疲劳损伤的枪管寿命预测研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 12 ): 2416 - 2424 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.12.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.12.004 为研究枪管内膛损伤机理、提高枪管寿命，提出了基于枪管镀层界面剪切疲劳损伤累积的枪管寿命预测方法。根据身管镀层剪切失效理论和疲劳损伤累积理论，建立了热压耦合应力作用下的枪管镀层界面剪切失效模型。以某5.8 mm小口径步枪枪管为研究对象，计算一个冷却周期150发 弹连续射击过程中的枪管界面剪切应力，结合随温度变化的枪管材料抗拉强度数据对枪管寿命进行了预测。研究结果表明：预测结果与寿命试验结果高度吻合，验证了寿命预测模型的可行性与正确性；以镀层界面剪切疲劳寿命来预测枪管寿命是有效的，镀层界面剪切疲劳失效是导致枪管寿终的重要原因。

GENG X H , ZHOU K D , HE L , et al. Life prediction of gun barrel based on shear fatigue damage of coating interface [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 12 ): 2416 - 2424 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.12.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.12.004 According to the theories of coating shear failure mechanism and cumulative fatigue damage of gun barrel, a gun barrel life prediction method based on the shear fatigue damage accumulation at the interface of coating and substrate in barrel is proposed to study the bore damage mechanism of gun barrel and improve the gun barrel life. A shear failure model of coating interface under the effect of thermo-pressure coupling stress is built, and the shear stress of coating interface during continuous firing of 150 rounds is calculated by taking a 5.8 mm caliber gun barrel as study object. The barrel life is predicted by use of temperature dependent tensile strength of gun barrel material. The predicted results match well with life test results, which verifies the feasibility and validity of the proposed life prediction model. The research results show that the prediction of gun barrel life based on the shear fatigue life of coating is feasible and the shear fatigue failure of coating interface is an important reason to lead to the life end of gun barrel. Key

张程 , 张玉琦 , 温相丽 , 等 . 身管材料的高温氧化行为 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 4 ): 1354 - 1362 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0901 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0901 随着对火力打击要求的提高、大威力火炮的发展、身管材料的高温氧化日益严重,严重影响武器性能的发挥,甚至导致武器报废。但目前对身管材料的抗氧化性能研究较少。针对3种身管材料PCrNi3MoVA钢、30SiMn2MoVA钢和MPS700钢,研究其在600℃空气条件下的抗氧化性能和氧化机理。通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱和X射线衍射仪分析了氧化层的截面形貌和物相,分析其氧化动力学行为。研究结果表明:随着氧化时间增加,3种钢的氧化膜厚度逐渐增厚,厚度增加率逐渐降低,3种身管钢的氧化动力学曲线都符合氧化膜抛物线生长动力学规律;在600℃高温下,PCrNi3MoVA钢中的内氧化层形成了具有网络结构的粘附层,该网络结构主要由富含Ni和Cr的尖晶石氧化物组成,而该粘附层并不能成为防止氧化的屏障;30SiMn2MoVA钢氧化层的内层为Si氧化物的多孔聚集区,结构较为松散,氧化物剥落较为严重;MPS700钢的内氧化层形成了富含Cr的保护性氧化层,有效的阻碍了氧化的继续进行;同时,Mo稳定了氧化膜,间接提高了抗氧化性;综合对比,由于Cr、Mo等合金元素的综合作用,在高温工况下MPS700钢比PCrNi3MoVA钢和30SiMn2MoVA钢能够更好地形成致密的氧化层,从而可降低基体的高温氧化和磨损程度,更有适用于制备长寿命、高可靠性身管材料。

ZHANG C , ZHANG Y Q , WEN X L , et al. High temperature oxidation behavior of barrel materials [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 4 ): 1354 - 1362 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0901 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0901 With the increase in firepower strike requirements and the development of high-powered artillery, the high-temperature oxidation of barrel materials is becoming more and more serious, which seriously affects the performance of weapon and even leads to the scrapping of weapon.However, there is little research on the anti-oxidation performance of barrel materials at present.In this paper, the oxidation resistances and oxidation mechanisms of three barrel materials, i.e.,PCrNi3MoVA steel. 30SiMn2MoVA steel and MPS700 steel, at 600℃ in airare investigated. The cross-sectional morphology and phases of the oxide layers are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The oxidation kinetics of three barrrel materials were analyzed. The results show that the oxide film thicknesses of the three steels gradually thicken and the rate of increaseinthickness gradually decreaseswith the increase in oxidation time. The oxidation kinetics curves of the three barrel materials are consistent with the parabolic growth kinetics law of oxide film. At 600℃, the internal oxide layer of PCrNi3MoVA steel forms an adhesive layer of a network structure consisting mainlyof Ni and Cr-richspinel oxides but theadhesive layerdoes not act as a barrier against oxidation.The inner layer of oxide layer of 30SiMn2MoVA steel is a porous aggregation zone of Si element oxide with a loose structure and relatively serious oxide flaking.The internal oxide layer of MPS700 steel forms a protective Cr-rich oxide layer that effectively prevents further oxidation. At the same time, Mo element stabilises the passivation film and indirectly improves oxidation resistance. Compared with PCrNi3MoVA steel and 30SiMn2MoVA steel, MPS700 steel can better form a dense oxidized layer under high temperature condition, so as to reduce the high temperature oxidation and wear degree of the matrix under high temperature conditions. MPS700 steel is more suitable for the preparation of long life and high reliability barrel.

许耀峰 , 杨雕 , 刘朋科 , 等 . 火炮身管内膛表面材料强度退化机理研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2023 , 44 ( 5 ): 1288 - 1295 .

XU Y F , YANG D , LIU P K , et al. Study on strength degradation mechanism of material on inner bore surface of gun barrel [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2023 , 44 ( 5 ): 1288 - 1295 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0063 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0063 In the process of gun firing, the inner diameter of the barrel increases by several microns under the action of heat, chemistry and force, which is the main reason for the termination of barrel life. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the change of material properties of the inner bore surface to reveal the barrel life mechanism. The microstructure, thickness and mechanical properties of the inner bore surface materials at different parts of the barrel were obtained by microanalysis of the 155 mm barrel that has reached its life end. Through the analysis of barrel temperature gradient and ablation simulation experiment, the degradation mechanism of the bore surface material and its relationship with projectile firing number were revealed. The results showed that: the hardened layer was formed on the surface of the inner bore under the action of gunpowder gas in the early barrel life; the thickness of the hardened layer was related to the temperature and action time of gunpowder gas; barrel ablation and wear occur on the surface of the hardened layer; the strength of the hardened layer was twice as high as that of the barrel at room temperature, and the strength decreased rapidly at high temperatures, resulting in the increase of the inner barrel diameter under rotating band friction and airflow scouring.

高文 , 连勇 , 黄进峰 , 等 . 不同环境温度下典型身管用钢磨损性能研究 [J ] . 工程科学学报 , 2017 , 39 ( 11 ): 1699 - 1708 .

GAO W , LIAN Y , HUANG J F , et al. Effect of ambient temperature on the wear performance of typical gun barrel steels [J ] . Chinese Journal of Engineering , 2017 , 39 ( 11 ): 1699 - 1708 . (in Chinese)

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陈宇 , 杨国来 , 刘金锋 , 等 . 多源激励下坦克行进间火炮身管动态弯曲问题研究 [J ] . 振动与冲击 , 2022 , 41 ( 19 ): 16 - 21 .

CHEN Y , YANG G L , LIU J F , et al. Dynamic bending of gun barrel during tank moving under multi-source excitation [J ] . Journal of Vibration and Shock , 2022 , 41 ( 19 ): 16 - 21 . (in Chinese)

武锋 , 郑祖华 , 吴圣川 , 等 . 大口径火炮多发连射炮管热力耦合分析 [J ] . 中国机械工程 , 2012 , 23 ( 9 ): 1056 - 1059 . 通过建立一维内弹道学两相流模型和经典圆管瞬态热传导模型,研究了大口径火炮多发连射过程的瞬态传热特性,并用ABAQUS软件进一步分析20发连射时炮管的热结构耦合场。得到某155mm火炮药室部温度场和瞬态热应力场分布规律,为进一步评测炮管的疲劳裂纹和确定剩余寿命提供了参考。

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NAVEED H , FAISAL Q , RIFFAT A P , et al. Development of multi-physics numerical simulation model to investigate thermo-mechanical fatigue crack propagation in an autofrettaged gun barrel [J ] . Defence Technology , 2021 , 17 ( 5 ): 1579 - 1591 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.09.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.09.005 In this research, a detailed multi-physics study has been carried out by numerically simulating a solid fractured gun barrel for 20 thermo-mechanical cycles. The numerical model is based on thermal effects, mechanical stress fields and fatigue crack mechanics. Elastic-plastic material data of modified AISI 4340 at temperatures ranging from 25 to 1200 °C and at strain rates of 4, 16, 32 and 48 s−1 was acquired from high-temperature compression tests. This was used as material property data in the simulation model. The boundary conditions applied are kept similar to the working gun barrel during continuous firing. A methodology has been provided to define thermo-mechanically active surface-to-surface type interface between the crack faces for a better approximation of stresses at the crack tip. Comparison of results from non-autofrettaged and autofrettaged simulation models provide useful information about the evolution of strains and stresses in the barrel at different points under combined thermo-mechanical loading cycles in both cases. The effect of thermal fatigue under already induced compressive yield due to autofrettage and the progressive degradation of the accumulated stresses due to thermo-mechanical cyclic loads on the internal surface of the gun barrel (mimicking the continuous firing scenario) has been analyzed. Comparison between energy release rate at tips of varying crack lengths due to cyclic thermo-mechanical loading in the non-autofrettaged and autofrettaged gun has been carried out. © 2020 The Authors

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WANG X Y , WANG S S , LU X , et al. Overpressure-impulse damage criterion of air shock waves on biological targets [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2018 , 38 ( 1 ): 106 - 111 . (in Chinese)

卢熹 , 王树山 , 王新颖 . 水中爆炸对鱼雷壳体的毁伤准则和判据研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2016 , 37 ( 8 ): 1469 - 1475 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.08.019 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.08.019 研究水中爆炸鱼雷壳体的毁伤准则与判据。根据水中爆炸冲击波特征参量的一般形式，提出了一种毁伤准则，给出了基于毁伤律为“0-1”概率分布函数的毁伤准则与判据的获取方法。针对重型鱼雷1∶2环肋圆筒缩比模型进行了两种药量的海上爆炸试验，结合相似性变换得到了重型鱼雷壳体毁伤的定量判据。以该判据分析了各毁伤等级下的峰值超压和比冲量阈值。结果表明，在相同毁伤等级下，随着装药量增加，峰值超压阈值减小，而比冲量阈值增大；装药量越小，两种特征参量阈值的变化幅度越大。

LU X , WANG S S , WANG X Y . Research on damage criterion of torpedo shell subjected to underwater explosive shock waves [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2016 , 37 ( 8 ): 1469 - 1475 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.08.019 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2016.08.019 Damage criterion of torpedo shell subjected to underwater explosion is researched. A damage criterion is proposed according to the general form of the characteristic parameters of underwater explosive shock wave. A damage criterion method which is based on “0-1”probability distribution function is proposed. For 1∶2 ring stiffened cylinder scale model of heavy torpedo, the undersea explosion experiments of torpedoes with different charge masses are done. The quantitative criterion of heavy torpedo shell damage is obtained through similarity transformation of scale model. The peak overpressure and specific impulse threshold values of each damage level are analyzed based on this criterion. The results show that the threshold of peak overpressure decreases with the increase in charge mass under the same damage grade, and the threshold of specific impulse increase; and the smaller the charge is, the greater the change amplitudes of the two threshold values are.

张金 , 王学彬 , 石文泽 , 等 . 大口径火炮身管药室内膛裂纹电磁超声表面水平剪切波检测方法 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 8 ): 1763 - 1770 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.08.021 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.08.021 大口径火炮身管药室内膛在射击过程中承受高温高压，易产生网状多裂纹，对安全性能造成隐患，但传统检测手段对内壁清洁度要求较高，且检测周期长。为此，提出基于电磁超声表面水平剪切波（SH波）的身管药室内膛裂纹检测方法，对缺陷进行检测。建立表面SH波电磁超声换能器的辐射声场有限元模型，分析永磁体长度和对数对辐射声场的影响，对电磁超声换能器设计参数进行优化。在研究表面SH波声场特征的基础上，建立表面SH波在含有交叉裂纹的身管药室中传播的有限元模型，分析表面SH波与不同夹角裂纹缺陷的作用规律，并通过实验予以验证。结果表明，当使用12对长度为20 mm的永磁体制成的电磁超声换能器时，能够对10 mm×1 mm×2 mm的交叉裂纹进行检测，分析裂纹夹角与回波幅值的影响规律，为身管药室内膛多裂纹检测提供了可靠依据。

ZHANG J , WANG X B , SHI W Z , et al. Detection method for chamber of large-caliber artillery barrel based on electromagnetic ultrasonic surface shwave [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 8 ): 1763 - 1770 . (in Chinese)