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HYODD M , HYDE A , ARAMAKI N . Liquefaction of crushable soils [J ] . Geotechnique , 1998 , 48 ( 4 ): 527 - 543 . DOI: 10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.527 http://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.527 https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.527 https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.527 Crushable soils when sheared in a dense state have stress paths which are similar to those for loose, hard-grained sands; however, because of their angular nature they do not liquefy as easily under cyclic loading. In the Hyogo-ken Nambu, 1995, earthquake, there was widespread liquefaction of land areas reclaimed from the sea using a crushable, highly angular, decomposed granite soil, Masado, which was previously regarded as a high-quality fill material with little risk of liquefaction in earthquakes. Results are presented from monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests on three types of crushable soil, namely Masado, Shirasu volcanic sand and Dogs Bay carbonate sand, together with standard silica Toyoura sand, to establish liquefaction criteria which can be applied not only to hard-grained silica sands but also to more angular crushable sands. In monotonic triaxial testing the stress paths passed through a point of phase transformation, with each material exhibiting large strains after this point. Normalization of the stress—strain curves and stress paths with respect to the effective consolidation stress brought the phase transformation points closer together. For loose soil, liquefaction failure occurred, while for dense sand cyclic mobility was evident, where the stress path cycled through or close to zero-p' conditions while the cyclic axial strain increased at a steady rate to large values. The liquefaction strength was defined in terms of the number of cycles to cause a double-amplitude strain of 5%, for both types of failure. A relationship was established between the normalized deviator stress required to cause liquefaction failure after 20 cycles and the normalized phase transformation strength obtained from monotonic tests. This relationship was independent of relative density and type of material.

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钱七虎 , 王明洋 . 岩土中的冲击爆炸效应 [M ] . 北京 : 国防工业出版社 , 2010 .

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GOHL W , JEFFERIES M , HOWIES J , et al. Explosive compaction: design, implementation and effectiveness [J ] . Geotechnique , 2000 , 50 ( 6 ): 657 - 665 . DOI: 10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.657 http://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.657 https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.657 https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.657 Although used for over 70 years, Explosive Compaction (EC) has not attained widespread acceptance despite the attraction of low cost and ease of treating large depths. Lack of familiarity with the method, and an empirical design approach unrelated to theory, appear the primary cause for reticence in adopting EC. To alleviate these concerns, practical design considerations for EC based on detailed experience from nine applications and trials are presented here to illustrate the predictable and repeatable effectiveness of EC. Design is based on cavity expansion theory. EC readily gives volume changes 2–3 times larger than might occur under large earthquake motions, with final average relative densities often greater than 70%. Further, environmental and vibration control issues do not constrain the use of EC provided that appropriate explosives and delayed detonation sequences are used. As pronounced post-blast time effects are evident in penetration testing, evaluation of the effectiveness of EC should be based on a combination of pre- and post-blast penetration testing and volume change measurements.

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周健 , 屈俊童 , 李怡闻 . 爆炸法密实饱和砂的模型试验研究 [J ] . 岩土力学与工程学报 , 2005 , 24 ( 增刊2 ): 5443 - 5448 .

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LÜ Y , LIU J , XIONG Z J , et al. One-dimensional dynamic compressive behavior of dry calcareous sand at high strain rates [J ] . Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering , 2019 , 11 ( 1 ): 192 - 201 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.04.013 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.04.013 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1674775517304298 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1674775517304298

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XU X Y , WANG R , HU M J , et al. Experimental study of dynamic characteristics of saturated calcareous soil explosion compaction [J ] . Rock and Soil Mechanics , 2012 , 33 ( 2 ): 402 - 406 . (in Chinese)

徐学勇 , 汪稔 , 王新志 , 等 . 饱和钙质砂爆炸响应动力特性试验研究 [J ] . 岩土力学 , 2012 , 33 ( 10 ): 2953 - 2959 .

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