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CHANG L H , WANG W , GU Z W , et al . Study on magnetic flux compression by cylindrical implosion using ultrahigh-speed photography technology [J ] . Acta Optica Sinica , 2015 , 35 ( 10 ): 1032001 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/AOS http://doi.org/10.3788/AOS http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/gxxb.htm http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/gxxb.htm

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李锋锐 , 顾牡 , 何徽 , 等 . γ-CuI晶体的发光衰减时间和对X射线的能量响应 [J ] . 无机材料学报 , 2017 , 32 ( 2 ): 163 - 168 . DOI: 10.15541/jim20160262 http://doi.org/10.15541/jim20160262 采用溶剂蒸发法生长出透明的带隙宽度为2.96 eV的γ-CuI晶体。在紫外光激发下, 该晶体在410、430 nm处分别呈现有近带边发射峰, 另在720 nm附近还出现一个与样品碘缺陷有关的宽发射带。经碘退火后, 样品720 nm发射带被基本抑制, 而在420 nm处出现了一个更强的近带边发射峰。使用扫描相机分别测量了γ-CuI晶体各发射峰(带)的衰减时间谱, 其中近带边发射峰的发光衰减时间常数均在数十皮秒量级, 表明γ-CuI晶体具有极快的时间响应特性; 而720 nm发射带的发光衰减时间常数主要在数十纳秒量级。X射线激发下, γ-CuI晶体具有435 nm近带边发射峰和680 nm发射带, 其近带边发射对X射线能量响应的测量结果表明, 当E_X<49.1 keV时, γ-CuI晶体闪烁光快分量对X射线的探测效率相对较高。

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周少彤 , 任晓东 , 黄显宾 , 等 . 一种用于Z箍缩实验的软X射线成像系统 [J ] . 物理学报 , 2021 , 70 ( 4 ): 045203 .

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畅里华 , 王旭 , 温伟峰 , 等 . 高速摄影激光照明技术取得新进展 [J ] . 强激光与粒子束 , 2018 , 30 ( 4 ): 040101 .

CHANG L H , WANG X , WEN W F , et al . New development of laser illumination technology for high-speed photography [J ] . High Power Laser and Particle Beams , 2018 , 30 ( 4 ): 040101 . (in Chinese)

汪伟 , 王桂吉 , 罗振雄 , 等 . 磁驱动飞片的超高速激光阴影扫描摄影技术 [J ] . 光学精密工程 , 2012 , 20 ( 5 ): 927 - 933 .

WANG W , WANG G J , LUO Z X , et al . Ultra-high speed laser shadow streak photography for flyer plates driven by magnetic fields [J ] . Optics and Precision Engineering , 2012 , 20 ( 5 ): 927 - 933 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/OPE. http://doi.org/10.3788/OPE. http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/gxjmgc.htm http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/gxjmgc.htm

石金水 . 闪光X射线照相光源的发展 [J ] . 强激光与粒子束 , 2022 , 34 ( 10 ): 104008 .

SHI J S . Development of flash X-ray radiography source [J ] . High Power Laser and Particle Beams , 2022 , 34 ( 10 ): 104008 . (in Chinese)

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SCARPETTI R D , NATH S , BARRAZA J , et al . Status of the DARHT 2nd axis accelerator at the Los Alamos National Laboratory [C ] //Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference. Albuquerque, NM , US : IEEE , 2007 : 831 - 835 .

XIE W P , XIA M H , GUO F , et al . Design and performance of a pulsed power-driven X-ray source for flash radiography [J ] . Physical Review Accelerators and Beams , 2021 , 24 : 110401 . DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.24.110401 http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.24.110401 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.24.110401 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.24.110401

SMALLEY D , LUTZ S , BAKER S A , et al . Flash radiography studies with microcolumnar CsI [J ] . Proceedings of SPIE , 2016 , 9969 : 996904 .

CRAWFORD M , BARRAZA J . Scorpius: The development of a new multi-pulse radiographic system [C ] //Proceedings of 2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Pulsed Power. Brighton , UK : IEEE , 2017 .

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LIU W J , FAN C . Design and testing of an anti-scattering grid for medium-energy X-ray flash radiography [J ] . Applied Radiation and Isotopes , 2016 , 107 : 24 - 28 . DOI: S0969-8043(15)30186-X http://doi.org/S0969-8043(15)30186-X We propose an effective design of a 2-mm-thick tungsten anti-scattering grid for medium-energy X-ray imaging. First, the Monte Carlo simulation is carried out firstly, which indicates that the ratio of direct to scattered radiation can reach as high as 1.54. The grid for the testing is produced using precision mechanical drilling technology, with the typical size of 52.1×52.1 mm(2). Clear edge of the sample can be visualized in the image when the designed grid is used and the quality of the image is substantively improved.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

WANG Z M , JING Y F , KANG X , et al . X-ray radiographs reconstruction based on nonlinear least squares with deconvolution [J ] . Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research-Section A: Accelerators , Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment , 2019 , 929 : 134 - 141 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2019.03.040 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.03.040 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168900219303481 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168900219303481

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SORENSON D S , CAPELLE G A , GROVER M , et al . Μeasurements of Sn ejecta particle-size distributions using ultraviolet in-line Fraunhofer holography [J ] . Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials , 2017 , 3 : 233 - 239 . DOI: 10.1007/s40870-017-0105-7 http://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-017-0105-7

BUTTLER W T , SCHULZE R K , CHARONKO J J , et al . Understanding the transport and break up of reactive ejecta [J ] . Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena , 2021 , 415 : 132787 . DOI: 10.1016/j.physd.2020.132787 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2020.132787 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016727891930805X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016727891930805X

FANSLER T D , PARRISH S E . Spray measurement technology: a review [J ] . Measurement Science and Technology , 2015 , 26 : 012002 . DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/26/1/012002 http://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/26/1/012002 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/26/1/012002 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/26/1/012002

LI Z Y , LUO Z X , LIU Z Q , et al . High-speed microjet particles measurement using in-line pulsed holography [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2010 , 108 : 113110 . DOI: 10.1063/1.3506537 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3506537 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/108/11/113110/371999/High-speed-microjet-particles-measurement-using-in https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/108/11/113110/371999/High-speed-microjet-particles-measurement-using-in Transient in-line holographic imaging system is optimized for recording the holograms of detonation loaded microjet particles with a velocity higher than 5 km/s. Then an adaptive multithreshold image segmentation method is developed to improve the measurement precision of particle size and number. The measured size of ejected particles is from several microns to over ten microns, and the processing errors of particle number and size are less than 5% and 15%, respectively. The statistical results also show that the size, number, and velocity of microjet particles vary depending on the surface conditions of the Al metal debris. Compared with a uniform metal sample, the nonuniform metal sample with cone-shaped hole exhibits more ejected particles, larger particle size, and higher velocity.

ZHAO Y , LI Z R , LUO Z X , et al . Particle field diagnose using angular multiplexing volume holography [J ] . Proceedings of SPIE , 2017 , 10395 : 103950 A .

ZHAO Y , ZHONG J , YE Y , et al . Sensitive polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide based photopolymer for single pulse holographic recording [J ] . Materials Letters , 2015 , 138 : 284 - 286 . DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.09.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.09.005 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167577X14016395 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167577X14016395

BUCHMANN N A , ATKINSON C , SORIA J . Ultra-high-speed tomographic digital holographic velocimetry in supersonic particle-laden jet flows [J ] . Measurement Science and Technology , 2013 , 24 : 024005 . DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/024005 http://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/024005 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/024005 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/024005

TOLOUI M , MALLERY K , HONG J . Improvements on digital inline holographic PTV for 3D wall-bounded turbulent flow measurements [J ] . Measurement Science and Technology , 2017 , 28 : 044009 . DOI: 10.1088/1361-6501/aa5c4d http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa5c4d https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/aa5c4d https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6501/aa5c4d

TOLOUI M , HONG J . High fidelity digital inline holographic method for 3D flow measurements [J ] . Optics Express , 2015 , 23 ( 21 ): 27159 - 27173 . DOI: 10.1364/OE.23.027159 http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.027159 Among all the 3D optical flow diagnostic techniques, digital inline holographic particle tracking velocimetry (DIH-PTV) provides the highest spatial resolution with low cost, simple and compact optical setups. Despite these advantages, DIH-PTV suffers from major limitations including poor longitudinal resolution, human intervention (i.e. requirement for manually determined tuning parameters during tracer field reconstruction and extraction), limited tracer concentration, and expensive computations. These limitations prevent this technique from being widely used for high resolution 3D flow measurements. In this study, we present a novel holographic particle extraction method with the goal of overcoming all the major limitations of DIH-PTV. The proposed method consists of multiple steps involving 3D deconvolution, automatic signal-to-noise ratio enhancement and thresholding, and inverse iterative particle extraction. The entire method is implemented using GPU-based algorithm to increase the computational speed significantly. Validated with synthetic particle holograms, the proposed method can achieve particle extraction rate above 95% with fake particles less than 3% and maximum position error below 1.6 particle diameter for holograms with particle concentration above 3000 particles/mm³. The applicability of the proposed method for DIH-PTV has been further validated using the experiment of laminar flow in a microchannel and the synthetic tracer flow fields generated using a DNS turbulent channel flow database. Such improvements will substantially enhance the implementation of DIH-PTV for 3D flow measurements and enable the potential commercialization of this technique.

TOLOUI M , ABRAHAM A , EDU J H E J . Experimental investigation of turbulent flow over surfaces of rigid and flexible roughness [J ] . Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science , 2019 , 101 : 263 - 275 . DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.10.026 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.10.026 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0894177718313372 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0894177718313372

ZHAO Q Y , ZHAO Y , BAO L J . A primary-auxiliary coupled neural network for three-dimensional holographic particle field characterization [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics , 2022 , 18 ( 10 ): 6671 - 6679 . DOI: 10.1109/TII.2022.3151781 http://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3151781 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9714148/ https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9714148/

LI S F , ZHAO Y . SNR enhancement in in-line particle holography with the aid of off-axis illumination [J ] . Optics Express , 2019 , 27 ( 2 ): 1569 - 1577 . DOI: 10.1364/OE.27.001569 http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.001569 The digital in-line particle holography suffers from speckle noise, for which considerable efforts have been devoted in order to mitigate it by designing post-processing algorithms. This paper proposes a novel approach, which mitigates the speckle noise by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It involves the joint design of optical systems and post-processing algorithms, and enhances the SNR by combining several holograms captured under different illumination angles. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme performs better than the normal scheme in terms of SNR and false-detection-ratio.

LI S F , ZHAO Y , YE Y . Single-exposure SNR-enhanced holography by combining angular with wavelength multiplexing [J ] . Optics Communications , 2021 , 488 : 126845 . DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2021.126845 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2021.126845 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003040182100095X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003040182100095X

LI S F , ZHAO Y , YE Y . Improved minimum intensity projection in holographic reconstruction via SNR-enhanced holography [J ] . Journal of Modern Optics , 2021 , 68 ( 6 ): 322 - 326 . DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2021.1895345 http://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2021.1895345 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09500340.2021.1895345 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09500340.2021.1895345

LI S F , ZHAO Y , YE Y . Gamma-corrected, SNR-enhanced and sharpness-projection-based reconstruction algorithm for particle holography [J ] . Journal of modern optics , 2023 , 70 ( 1 ): 15 - 23 . DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2022.2160022 http://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2022.2160022 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09500340.2022.2160022 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09500340.2022.2160022

LI Y H , ZHAO Y , LI X M , et al . In situ measurement of the particle size distribution of the fragmentation product of laser-shock-melted aluminum using in-line picosecond holography [J ] . AIP Advances , 2016 , 6 : 025208 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4942089 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942089 https://pubs.aip.org/adv/article/6/2/025208/22337/In-situ-measurement-of-the-particle-size https://pubs.aip.org/adv/article/6/2/025208/22337/In-situ-measurement-of-the-particle-size The dynamic fragmentation of shock-melted metal is a topic of increasing interest in shock physics. However, high-quality experimental studies of the phenomenon are limited, and data that are essential for developing predictive models of the phenomenon, such as the mass and particle sizes distributions, are quite sparse. In-line holography is an effective non-contact technique for measuring particle size distribution, but critical technical requirements, in particular, particle density limits, complicate its application to the subject phenomenon. These challenges have been reasonably overcome in the present study, allowing for successful in situ measurements of the size distribution of the fragmentation product from laser-shock-melted aluminum. In this letter, we report on our experiments and present the measured data.

LI J L , SHEN S , LIU J H , et al . Secondary droplet size distribution upon breakup of a sub-milimeter droplet in high speed cross flow [J ] . International Journal of Multiphase Flow , 2022 , 148 : 103943 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2021.103943 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2021.103943 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301932221003438 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301932221003438

KORMER S B , SINITSYN M V , KIRILLOV G A . Experimental determination of temperature in shock-compressed NaCl and KCl and of their melting curves at pressures up to 700 kbar [J ] . Soviet Physics JETP , 1965 , 21 : 689 - 700 .

RADOUSKY H B , MITCHELL A C . A fast UV/visible pyrometer for shock temperature measurements to 20000K [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 1989 , 60 ( 12 ): 3707 - 3710 . DOI: 10.1063/1.1140479 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1140479 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/60/12/3707/320456/A-fast-UV-visible-pyrometer-for-shock-temperature https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/60/12/3707/320456/A-fast-UV-visible-pyrometer-for-shock-temperature An ultraviolet/visible pyrometer is described which can measure shock temperatures from 3000 to 20 000 K. The system is modular, and in general consists of six photomultiplier tubes and two linear intensified diode array/spectrograph systems which can cover the range from 250 to 800 nm. Extension of the pyrometer’s capabilities into the ultraviolet is necessary for accurate measurements above 8000 K. The nature of the shock environment requires the photomultiplier tubes to have rise times on the order of 2 ns, with a typical experiment lasting between 20 and 500 ns. The system measures absolute intensity, and is calibrated against a known tungsten lamp prior to each experiment. The highest temperature measured was 18 300 K for fluid Xe. The targets needed to contain this type of cryogenic sample are described as well.

HOLMES N C . Fiber-coupled optical pyrometer for shock-wave studies [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 1995 , 66 ( 3 ): 2615 - 2618 . DOI: 10.1063/1.1145597 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1145597 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/66/3/2615/322220/Fiber-coupled-optical-pyrometer-for-shock-wave https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/66/3/2615/322220/Fiber-coupled-optical-pyrometer-for-shock-wave We have developed a new optical pyrometer with unique advantages for shock-wave studies and for measurements of systems that are moving with respect to the detection system. Our pyrometer is fully fiber optic coupled. This completely eliminates any time-dependent imaging or aperture effects common to imaging pyrometers, and is simple to align and calibrate. The sensitivity is also higher than typical imaging systems used for shock experiments. The design is excellent for observations of time-varying phenomena. Detection is done with fast photomultiplier tubes with roughly 1 ns response. In addition, one may also include a streaked spectroscopic system, making this system ideal for fast spectroscopic studies.

BASSETT W P , DLOTT D D . Multichannel emission spectrometer for high dynamic range optical pyrometry of shock-driven materials [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments; Review of Scientific Instruments , 2016 , 87 ( 10 ): 103107 .

OTA T A , AMOTT R , CARLSON C A , et al . Comparison of simultaneous shock temperature measurements from three different pyrometry systems [J ] . Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials , 2019 , 5 ( 4 ): 396 - 408 . DOI: 10.1007/s40870-019-00201-2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-019-00201-2

BOBORIDIS K , OBST A . A high-speed four-channel infrared pyrometer [J ] . Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry , 2003 , 7 : 759 - 763 .

郝晓剑 , 张志杰 , 周汉昌 . 高温测量及其校准技术研究现状与发展趋势 [J ] . 中北大学学报(自然科学版) , 2020 , 41 ( 1 ): 1 - 7 .

HAO X J , ZHANF Z J , ZHOU H C . Research status and development trend of high temperature measurement calibration technology [J ] . Journal of North University of China (Natural Science Edition) , 2020 , 41 ( 1 ): 1 - 7 . (in Chinese)

李加波 , 周显明 , 王翔 . 用于冲击波温度测量的宽动态线性光学高温计 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2009 , 29 ( 6 ): 625 - 631 .

LI J B , ZHOU X M , WANG X . A fast pyrometer with wide dynamic linearity for shock temperature measurements . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2009 , 29 ( 6 ): 625 - 631 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.1007/BF00783718 http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00783718 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00783718 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00783718

WANG R B , LI S F , ZHOU W J , et al . A high-speed, eight-wavelength visible light-infrared pyrometer for shock physics experiments [J ] . AIP Advances , 2017 , 7 : 095014 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4996927 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4996927 https://pubs.aip.org/adv/article/7/9/095014/936693/A-high-speed-eight-wavelength-visible-light https://pubs.aip.org/adv/article/7/9/095014/936693/A-high-speed-eight-wavelength-visible-light An eight-channel, high speed pyrometer for precise temperature measurement is designed and realized in this work. The addition of longer-wavelength channels sensitive at lower temperatures highly expands the measured temperature range, which covers the temperature of interest in shock physics from 1500K-10000K. The working wavelength range is 400-1700nm from visible light to near-infrared (NIR). Semiconductor detectors of Si and InGaAs are used as photoelectric devices, whose bandwidths are 50MHz and 150MHz respectively. Benefitting from the high responsivity and high speed of detectors, the time resolution of the pyrometer can be smaller than 10ns. By combining the high-transmittance beam-splitters and narrow-bandwidth filters, the peak spectrum transmissivity of each channel can be higher than 60%. The gray-body temperatures of NaI crystal under shock-loading are successfully measured by this pyrometer.

WU J , LI J B , LI J , et al . A sub-nanosecond pyrometer with broadband spectral channels for temperature measurement of dynamic compression experiments [J ] . Measurement , 2022 , 195 : 111147 . DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111147 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111147 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263224122004067 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263224122004067

LIU Q C , ZHAO F , ZHOU X M , et al . Optical emission of shocked magnesium oxide single crystals: Heat-conduction and orientation effects [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2021 , 130 ( 7 ): 075901 . DOI: 10.1063/5.0058982 http://doi.org/10.1063/5.0058982 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/130/7/075901/1074537/Optical-emission-of-shocked-magnesium-oxide-single https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/130/7/075901/1074537/Optical-emission-of-shocked-magnesium-oxide-single To investigate light emission properties of shocked high-conductivity single crystals during plastic deformation, [100] and [110] magnesium oxide (MgO) single crystals are shock-compressed up to 64 GPa via a planar impact. [111] gadolinium–gallium garnet (GGG) and [100] Y-stabilized zirconate (YSZ) single crystals, respectively, with intermediate and low conductivities are also examined for comparison. Emission spectral radiance and velocity histories are simultaneously measured with a fast, high-sensitivity pyrometer and a Doppler pin system. While velocity histories of [100] MgO, [111] GGG, and [100] YSZ show typical two-wave structures at elastic–plastic transition, abnormal three-wave structures are observed for [110] MgO, consistent with literature reports. Correspondingly, spectral radiance histories of [100] MgO, [111] GGG, and [100] YSZ under each tested stress demonstrate a typical “single-wave” structure, while a “two-wave” structure is observed for [110] MgO shocked to 33–37 GPa. The peak intensities of spectral radiance for both [100] and [110] MgO are much lower than those of GGG and YSZ shocked to similar plastic strains as a result of different heat conductivities. A model, taking into account heat conduction from a shear band into its surrounding bulk areas and two-zone emission, is thus developed and describes well the measurements. Our observations make a concrete connection between shear banding and localized heating/cooling as proposed previously.

LIU S G , LI J B , LI J , et al . Simultaneous measurement of the dynamic emissivity and the radiance of the shocked Al/LiF interface in the near-infrared wavelength [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2018 , 89 : 044903 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5007194 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5007194 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/89/4/044903/362218/Simultaneous-measurement-of-the-dynamic-emissivity https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/89/4/044903/362218/Simultaneous-measurement-of-the-dynamic-emissivity A novel method based on signal superimposing has been presented to simultaneously measure the dynamic emissivity and the radiance of a shocked sample/window interface in the near-infrared wavelength. In this method, we have used three rectangle laser pulses to illuminate the sample/window interface via an integrating sphere and expect that the reflected laser pulses from the sample/window interface can be superimposed on its thermal radiation at the shocked steady state by time precision synchronization. In the two proving trials, the second laser pulse reflected from the Al/LiF interface has been successfully superimposed on its thermal radiation despite large flyer velocity uncertainty. The dynamic emissivity and the radiance at 1064 nm have been obtained simultaneously from the superimposing signals. The obtained interface temperatures are 1842 ± 82 K and 1666 ± 154 K, respectively, the corresponding release pressures are 65.7 GPa and 62.6 GPa, and the deduced Hugonoit temperatures are consistent with the theoretical calculations. In comparison, the fitting temperatures from the gray body model are 300–500 K higher than our experimental measurement results and the theoretical calculations.

ZHOU X M , NELLIS W J , LI J B , et al . Optical emission, shock-induced opacity, temperatures, and melting of Gd3Ga5O12 single crystals shock-compressed from 41 to 290GPa [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2015 , 118 : 055903 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4928081 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4928081 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/118/5/055903/140887/Optical-emission-shock-induced-opacity https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/118/5/055903/140887/Optical-emission-shock-induced-opacity Strong oxides at high shock pressures have broad crossovers from elastic solids at ambient to failure by plastic deformation, to heterogeneous deformation to weak solids, to fluid-like solids that equilibrate thermally in a few ns, to melting and, at sufficiently high shock pressures and temperatures, to metallic fluid oxides. This sequence of crossovers in single-crystal cubic Gd3Ga5O12 (Gd-Ga Garnet-GGG) has been diagnosed by fast emission spectroscopy using a 16-channel optical pyrometer in the spectral range 400–800 nm with bandwidths per channel of 10 nm, a writing time of ∼1000 ns and time resolution of 3 ns. Spectra were measured at shock pressures from 40 to 290 GPa (100 GPa = 1 Mbar) with corresponding gray-body temperatures from 3000 to 8000 K. Experimental lifetimes were a few 100 ns. Below 130 GPa, emission is heterogeneous and measured temperatures are indicative of melting temperatures in grain boundary regions rather than bulk temperatures. At 130 GPa and 2200 K, GGG equilibrates thermally and homogeneously in a thin opaque shock front. This crossover has a characteristic spectral signature in going from partially transmitting shock-heated material behind the shock front to an opaque shock front. Opacity is caused by optical scattering and absorption of light generated by fast compression. GGG melts at ∼5000 K in a two-phase region at shock pressures in the range 200 GPa to 217 GPa. Hugoniot equation-of-state data were measured by a Doppler Pin SystemDPS with ps time resolution and are generally consistent with previous data. Extrapolation of previous electrical conductivity measurements indicates that GGG becomes a poor metal at a shock pressure above ∼400 GPa. Because the shock impedance of GGG is higher than that of Al2O3 used previously to make metallic fluid H (MFH), the use of GGG to make MFH will achieve higher pressures and lower temperatures than use of Al2O3. However, maximum dynamic pressures at which emission temperatures of fluid hydrogen made by shock reverberation between GGG anvils could be measured remains limited to ∼130 GPa, as for Al2O3 anvils.

ZHENG J , CHEN Q F , GU Y J , et al . Multishock compression properties of warm dense argon [J ] . Scientific Reports , 2015 , 5 : 16041 . DOI: 10.1038/srep16041 http://doi.org/10.1038/srep16041 Warm dense argon was generated by a shock reverberation technique. The diagnostics of warm dense argon were performed by a multichannel optical pyrometer and a velocity interferometer system. The equations of state in the pressure-density range of 20-150 GPa and 1.9-5.3 g/cm(3) from the first-to fourth-shock compression were presented. The single-shock temperatures in the range of 17.2-23.4 kK were obtained from the spectral radiance. Experimental results indicates that multiple shock-compression ratio (eta(i) =rho(i)/rho(0)) is greatly enhanced from 3.3 to 8.8, where rho(0) is the initial density of argon and rho(i) (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) is the compressed density from first to fourth shock, respectively. For the relative compression ratio (eta(i)' =rho(i)/rho(i-1)), an interesting finding is that a turning point occurs at the second shocked states under the conditions of different experiments, and eta(i)' increases with pressure in lower density regime and reversely decreases with pressure in higher density regime. The evolution of the compression ratio is controlled by the excitation of internal degrees of freedom, which increase the compression, and by the interaction effects between particles that reduce it. A temperature-density plot shows that current multishock compression states of argon have distributed into warm dense regime.

LI J , ZHOU X M , LI J B , et al . Development of a simultaneous Hugoniot and temperature measurement for preheated-metal shock experiments: melting temperatures of Ta at pressures of 100 GPa [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2012 , 83 : 053902 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4716459 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4716459 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/83/5/053902/358597/Development-of-a-simultaneous-Hugoniot-and https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/83/5/053902/358597/Development-of-a-simultaneous-Hugoniot-and Equations of state of metals are important issues in earth science and planetary science. A major limitation of them is the lack of experimental data for determining pressure-volume and temperature of shocked metal simultaneously. By measuring them in a single experiment, a major source of systematic error is eliminated in determining from which shock pressure release pressure originates. Hence, a non-contact fast optical method was developed and demonstrated to simultaneously measure a Hugoniot pressure-volume (PH-VH) point and interfacial temperature TR on the release of Hugoniot pressure (PR) for preheated metals up to 1000 K. Experimental details in our investigation are (i) a Ni–Cr resistance coil field placed around the metal specimen to generate a controllable and stable heating source, (ii) a fiber-optic probe with an optical lens coupling system and optical pyrometer with ns time resolution to carry out non-contact fast optical measurements for determining PH-VH and TR. The shock response of preheated tantalum (Ta) at 773 K was investigated in our work. Measured data for shock velocity versus particle velocity at an initial state of room temperature was in agreement with previous shock compression results, while the measured shock data between 248 and 307 GPa initially heated to 773 K were below the Hugoniot evaluation from its off-Hugoniot states. Obtained interfacial temperatures on release of Hugoniot pressures (100–170 GPa) were in agreement with shock-melting points at initial ambient condition and ab initio calculations of melting curve. It indicates a good consistency for shock melting data of Ta at different initial temperatures. Our combined diagnostics for Hugoniot and temperature provides an important approach for studying EOS and the temperature effect of shocked metals. In particular, our measured melting temperatures of Ta address the current controversy about the difference by more than a factor of 2 between the melting temperatures measured under shock and those measured in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell at ∼100 GPa.

GAN B , LI J , WU Q , et al . Shock temperatures and melting curve of an Fe—Ni—Cr alloy up to 304GPa [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2022 , 131 : 045901 . DOI: 10.1063/5.0077531 http://doi.org/10.1063/5.0077531 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/131/4/045901/2836418/Shock-temperatures-and-melting-curve-of-an-Fe-Ni https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/131/4/045901/2836418/Shock-temperatures-and-melting-curve-of-an-Fe-Ni The melting temperatures of Fe–Ni alloys and their densities in the liquid state at relevant pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions present in the core are of great importance for understanding the composition and thermal structure of the Earth's core. We measured shock temperatures of the Fe–11Ni–18Cr (wt. %) alloy up to ∼304 GPa using a special target configuration, a quasi-spectral pyrometer, and velocimeter diagnostics in a two-stage light-gas gun. The present results show that Fe–11Ni–18Cr starts to melt at the pressure of 210 (8) GPa and 4700 (300) K and completes at the pressure of 280 (10) GPa and 5250 (350) K under shock loading, which is ∼1000 K lower than some previous shock temperature measurements. The melting temperatures of the Fe–11Ni–18Cr alloy are 4100 (250) K and 5500 (450) K at the pressures present at the core-mantle boundary (∼136 GPa) and inner-core boundary (∼330 GPa), respectively, which are slightly lower than that of pure iron. Combined with the previous results of the pressure–density measurements at Hugoniot states, our results indicate that the presence of limited amounts of Ni and Cr into Fe has a minor effect on its melting curve and density in the liquid state, suggesting that sufficient light elements are required in the outer core to satisfy both the core density deficit and the reduced melting temperature.

ZHANG Y J , TAN Y , GENG H Y , et al . Melting curve of vanadium up to 256GPa: Consistency between experiments and theory [J ] . Physical Review B , 2020 , 102 : 214104 . DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.102.214104 http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.214104 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.214104 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.214104

LI J , WU Q , LI J B , et al . Shock melting curve of iron: a consensus on the temperature at the earth’s inner core boundary [J ] . Geophysical Research Letters , 2020 , 47 : e2020GL087758.

ZHANG Y J , SEKINE T , LIN J F , et al . Shock compression and melting of an Fe-Ni-Si alloy: implications for the temperature profile of the earth’s core and the heat flux across the core-mantle boundary [J ] . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth , 2018 , 123 : 1314 - 1327 . DOI: 10.1002/jgrb.v123.2 http://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.v123.2 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/21699356/123/2 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/21699356/123/2

STRAND O T , GOOSMAN D R , MARTINEZ C , et al . Compact system for high-speed velocimetry using heterodyne techniques [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2006 , 77 : 083108 . DOI: 10.1063/1.2336749 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2336749 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/77/8/083108/1017763/Compact-system-for-high-speed-velocimetry-using https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/77/8/083108/1017763/Compact-system-for-high-speed-velocimetry-using We have built a high-speed velocimeter that has proven to be compact, simple to operate, and fairly inexpensive. This diagnostic is assembled using off-the-shelf components developed for the telecommunications industry. The main components are fiber lasers, high-bandwidth high-sample-rate digitizers, and fiber optic circulators. The laser is a 2W cw fiber laser operating at 1550nm. The digitizers have 8GHz bandwidth and can digitize four channels simultaneously at 20GS∕s. The maximum velocity of this system is ∼5000m∕s and is limited by the bandwidth of the electrical components. For most applications, the recorded beat frequency is analyzed using Fourier transform methods, which determine the time response of the final velocity time history. Using the Fourier transform method of analysis allows multiple velocities to be observed simultaneously. We have obtained high-quality data on many experiments such as explosively driven surfaces and gas gun assemblies.

BARKER L M , HOLLENBACH R E . Laser interferometer for measuring high velocities of any reflecting surface [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 1972 , 43 ( 11 ): 4669 - 4675 . DOI: 10.1063/1.1660986 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1660986 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/43/11/4669/8298/Laser-interferometer-for-measuring-high-velocities https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/43/11/4669/8298/Laser-interferometer-for-measuring-high-velocities A laser velocity interferometer instrumentation system has been developed which can measure the velocity history of either spectrally or diffusely reflecting surfaces. The system provides two interferometer fringe signals in quadrature to improve resolution and to distinguish between acceleration and deceleration. Accuracies of 2% or better are attainable for peak surface velocities of 0.2 mm/μsec or more. The system has been applied to the measurement of free surface motion in plate-impact experiments, and to the measurement of the velocity history of a projectile during its acceleration down a long gun barrel.

STRAND O T , BERZINS L V , GOOSMAN D R , et al . Velocimetry using heterodyne techniques [J ] . Proceedings of SPIE , 2005 , 5580 : 593 - 599 .

DAYKIN E , DIAZ A , GALLEGOS C , et al . A multiplexed many-point PDV (MPDV) [EB/OL ] . Columbus , OH, US:Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) Users Workshop, 2010 ( 2010-09-08 ).http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitsream/handle/1811/52727/PDV2010dAYKINMultiplexedManypointPDV.PDF?SEQUENCE=1. http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitsream/handle/1811/52727/PDV2010dAYKINMultiplexedManypointPDV.PDF?SEQUENCE=1 http://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitsream/handle/1811/52727/PDV2010dAYKINMultiplexedManypointPDV.PDF?SEQUENCE=1

吴立志 , 陈少杰 , 叶迎华 , 等 . 用于瞬态高速飞片速度测量的光子多普勒测速系统 [J ] . 红外与激光工程 , 2016 , 45 ( 12 ): 1217001 .

WU L Z , CHEN S J , YE Y H , et al . Photonic Doppler velocimetry used for instant velocity measurement of high-speed small flyer [J ] . Infrared and Laser Engineering , 2016 , 45 ( 12 ): 1217001 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/IRLA http://doi.org/10.3788/IRLA http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/irla.htm http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/irla.htm

郝歌扬 , 罗庆 , 杨雅涵 , 等 . 大景深光子多普勒测速仪设计及高超试验应用 [J ] . 光子学报 , 2022 , 51 ( 6 ): 0628002 .

HAO G Y , LUO Q , YANG Y H , et al . Design of large depth field photon doppler velocimeter and application in ultra-high speed interior ballistic research [J ] . Acta Photonica Sinica , 2022 , 51 ( 6 ): 0628002 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/gzxb http://doi.org/10.3788/gzxb http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/gzxb.cshtml http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/gzxb.cshtml

傅迎光 . 基于调制光源的光子多普勒测速系统 [D ] . 北京 : 北京交通大学 , 2014 .

FU Y G . Photonic Doppler Velocimetry System based on modulated light source [D ] . Beijing : Beijing Jiaotong University , 2014 . (in Chinese)

唐雯雯 . 光子多普勒二维速度测量系统的研究 [D ] . 北京 : 北京交通大学 , 2016 .

TANG W W . Research of the photonic Doppler velocimetry system for two-dimentional velocity measurement [D ] . Beijing : Beijing Jiaotong University , 2016 . (in Chinese)

谭朝勇 , 叶欣 , 胡永明 . 全光纤多普勒测速系统的研究 [J ] . 半导体光电 , 2011 , 32 ( 2 ): 276 - 279 .

TAN C Y , YE X , HU Y M . Study on all fiber-optic doppler velocimeter [J ] . Semiconductor Optoelectronics , 2011 , 32 ( 2 ): 276 - 279 . (in Chinese)

翁继东 , 谭华 , 陈金宝 , 等 . 光纤任意反射面速度干涉系统在高压物理中的应用 [J ] . 高压物理学报 , 2004 , 18 ( 3 ): 225 - 230 .

WENG J D , TAN H , CHEN J B , et al . Application of fiber velocity interferometer system for any reflector in high pressure physics [J ] . Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics , 2004 , 18 ( 3 ): 225 - 230 . (in Chinese)

王德田 , 李泽仁 , 吴建荣 , 等 . 光纤位移干涉仪在爆轰加载飞片速度测量中的应用 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2009 , 29 ( 1 ): 105 - 108 .

WANG D T , LI Z R , WU J R , et al . An optical-fiber displacement interferometer for measuring velocities of explosively-driven metal plates [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2009 , 29 ( 1 ): 105 - 108 . (in Chinese)

CHEN G H , WANG D T , LIU J , et al . A novel photonic Doppler velocimetry for transverse velocity measurement [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2013 , 84 : 013101 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4776186 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4776186 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/84/1/013101/354761/A-novel-photonic-Doppler-velocimetry-for https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/84/1/013101/354761/A-novel-photonic-Doppler-velocimetry-for

李建中 , 王德田 , 刘俊 , 等 . 多点光子多普勒测速仪及其在爆轰物理领域的应用 [J ] . 红外与激光工程 , 2016 , 45 ( 4 ): 422001 .

LI J Z , WANG D T , LIU J , et al . Multi-channel photonic Doppler velocimetry and its application in the field of explosion physics [J ] . Infrared and Laser Engineering , 2016 , 45 ( 4 ): 422001 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/irla http://doi.org/10.3788/irla http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/irla.htm http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/irla.htm

李建中 , 刘寿先 , 刘俊 , 等 . 多路复用光子多普勒测速复用方案分析及实验研究 [J ] . 中国激光 , 2014 , 41 ( 11 ): 1105009 .

LI J Z , LIU S X , LIU J , et al . Research on multiplex technology and experiment of multiplexed photonic doppler velocimetry [J ] . Chinese Journal of Lasers , 2014 , 41 ( 11 ): 1105009 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/CJL http://doi.org/10.3788/CJL http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/zgjg.htm http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/zgjg.htm

杨舒棋 , 张旭 , 彭文杨 , 等 . 钝感炸药冲击起爆反应过程的PDV技术 [J ] . 高压物理学报 , 2020 , 34 ( 2 ): 023402 .

YANG S Q , ZHANG X , PENG W Y , et al . PDV technology of shock initiation reaction process of insensitive explosive [J ] . Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics , 2020 , 34 ( 2 ): 023402 . (in Chinese)

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CELLIERS P M , ERSKINE D J , SORCE C M , et al . A high-resolution two-dimensional imaging velocimeter [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2010 , 81 : 035101 . DOI: 10.1063/1.3310076 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3310076 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/81/3/035101/353688/A-high-resolution-two-dimensional-imaging https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/81/3/035101/353688/A-high-resolution-two-dimensional-imaging Velocity interferometers are typically used to measure velocities of surfaces at a single point or along an imaged line as a function of time. We describe an optical arrangement that enables high-resolution measurements of the two-dimensional velocity field across a shock front or shocked interface. The technique is employed to measure microscopic fluctuations in shock fronts that have passed through materials being considered as ablators for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion. With picosecond time resolution the instrument captures velocity modes with wavelengths as short as 2.5 μm at a resolution of ∼10 m/s rms on velocity fields averaging many km/s over an 800 μm field of view.

胡绍楼 , 王文林 , 马如超 . JSG-1型激光速度干涉仪 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 1987 , 3 ( 7 ): 257 - 260 .

HU S L , WANG W L , MA R C . Model JSG-1 laser velocity interferomter [J ] . Explosion and shock waves , 1987 , 3 ( 7 ): 257 - 260 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.1007/BF00791873 http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00791873 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00791873 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00791873

LI Z R , MA R C , CHEN G H , et al . Multipoint velocity interferometer system for any reflector [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 1999 , 70 ( 10 ): 3872 - 3876 . DOI: 10.1063/1.1150004 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1150004 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/70/10/3872/350179/Multipoint-velocity-interferometer-system-for-any https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/70/10/3872/350179/Multipoint-velocity-interferometer-system-for-any A multipoint velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) has been developed which can simultaneously measure velocity versus time histories of two to six points on a target or different objects during dynamic compression. A single-frequency laser beam is divided into two to six individual beams that are transmitted into an experimental device by incident fibers to illuminate measured points. Diffusely reflected laser beams from different measured points are separately collected by fiber detectors and guided by signal fibers into a common “push and pull” interfering cavity with the same delay etalon to interfere. This not only simplifies the system structure and the experimental operation, but also eliminates the system error among measured points and makes the system almost as small in volume as that of a single-point VISAR. The multipoint VISAR possesses all the advantages of the traditional single-point VISAR as well as the temporal and the space resolution ability. We have used it to monitor velocity histories of several points on a target in a few explosion experiments, and good experimental results were obtained.

刘寿先 , 李泽仁 , 彭其先 , 等 . 用于激光驱动飞片诊断的线成像速度干涉仪 [J ] . 强激光与粒子束 , 2010 , 22 ( 10 ): 2281 - 2284 .

LIU S X , LI Z R , PENG Q X , et al . Line-imaging velocity intrerferometer for laser driven flyer diagnostics [J ] . High power laser and particle beams , 2010 , 22 ( 10 ): 2281 - 2284 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/HPLPB http://doi.org/10.3788/HPLPB http://www.opticsjournal.net/qjglzs.htm http://www.opticsjournal.net/qjglzs.htm

刘寿先 , 雷江波 , 陈光华 , 等 . 同时线成像和分幅面成像任意反射面速度干涉仪测速技术 [J ] . 中国激光 , 2014 , 41 ( 1 ): 0108007 .

LIU S X , LEI J B , CHEN G H . Simultaneous line imaging and plane framing imaging velocity interferometer for shock physics [J ] . Chinese journal of lasers , 2014 , 41 ( 1 ): 0108007 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3788/CJL http://doi.org/10.3788/CJL http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/zgjg.htm http://www.opticsjournal.net/Journals/zgjg.htm

刘寿先 , 李泽仁 , 陈光华 , 等 . 高时空分辨线成像VISAR在爆轰波物理中的应用 [J ] . 高压物理学报 , 2014 , 28 ( 3 ): 307 - 312 .

LIU H X , LI Z R , CHEN G H , et al . Demonstration of high resolution line-imaging VISAR application in detonation physics [J ] . Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics , 2014 , 28 ( 3 ): 307 - 312 . (in Chinese)

CHEN J C , KAUSHIK S . Terahertz interferometer that senses vibrations behind barriers [J ] . IEEE Photonics Technology Letters , 2007 , 19 ( 7 ): 486 - 488 . DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2007.893583 http://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2007.893583 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4126561/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4126561/

LAWYER K A . Single frequency terahertz Michelson interferometery for applications in wood products [D ] . Prince George, BC, Canada : University of Northern British Columbia , 2012 .

NGUYEN T D , VALERA J D R , MOORE A J . Optical thickness measurement with multi-wavelength THz interferometry [J ] . Optics and Lasers in Engineering , 2014 , 61 : 19 - 22 . DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2014.04.007 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2014.04.007 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014381661400102X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014381661400102X

YAMANAKA Y , SAKANO G , HARUKI J , et al . THz-wave phase shift measurement by THz-wave interferometer [J ] . Electronics Letters , 2017 , 53 ( 13 ): 868 - 869 . DOI: 10.1049/el.2017.0530 http://doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.0530 A terahertz (THz)-wave interferometer was devised for measurement of the THz-wave phase shift. In this measurement system, the relative phase shift is deduced from the interference between the THz waves generated by two photomixers. Experimental results with this interferometer revealed that the semiconductor phase modulator could be used as a THz-wave phase shifter by utilising its chromatic dispersion.

WANG X K , HOU L L , ZHANG Y . Continuous-wave terahertz interferometry with multiwavelength phase unwrapping [J ] . Applied Optics , 2010 , 49 ( 27 ): 5095 - 5102 . DOI: 10.1364/AO.49.005095 http://doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.005095 https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-49-27-5095 https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-49-27-5095

梁美彦 , 赵然 , 张存林 . 220GHz频率步进雷达测距的实验研究 [J ] . 空间电子技术 , 2013 , 10 ( 4 ): 110 - 113 .

LIANG M Y , ZHAO R , ZHANG C L . Research on 220GHz stepped frequency radar for ranging [J ] . Space Electronic Technology , 2013 , 10 ( 4 ): 110 - 113 . (in Chinese)

ZHAI Z H , SUN C L , LIU Q , et al . Design of terahertz-wave Doppler interferometric velocimetry for detonation physics [J ] . Applied Physics Letters , 2020 , 116 ( 16 ): 161102 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5142415 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142415 https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/116/16/161102/38357/Design-of-terahertz-wave-Doppler-interferometric https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/116/16/161102/38357/Design-of-terahertz-wave-Doppler-interferometric The diagnosis of the initiation and growth of detonation in high explosives (HEs) is important in detonation physics. We designed and experimentally demonstrated a non-invasive high-precision free-space terahertz-wave Doppler interferometric velocimetry (TDV) design for diagnosing the transient detonation processes in HEs. The system can non-intrusively record the propagation of the shock/detonation wavefront inside HEs continuously and measure key detonation parameters (position/displacement, detonation velocity, etc.). A detailed quasi-optical design for TDV is discussed. The terahertz penetration ability and the refractive index of representative HEs are presented in the frequency range of 0.2–1.4 THz. Additionally, a typical shock-to-detonation transition of an insensitive high explosive was studied using a prototype 0.212 THz TDV system, which demonstrated the high precision of displacement measurements made using I/Q demodulation. Furthermore, the performance of the TDV technique is discussed. TDV may enable non-invasive and high-precision diagnostics for detonation and shockwave physics.

PENG W Y , YANG S Q , SHU J X , et al . Experimental investigation of shock response to an insensitive explosive under double-shock wave [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2023 , 17 : 104489 .

HUANG X L , ZHAI Z H , FU H , et al . Experimental investigation of the deflagration rate for PBX utilizing terahertz-wave-based Doppler velocimetry [J ] . Journal of the Optical Society of America B , 2022 , 39 ( 3 ): A25 -A30. DOI: 10.1364/JOSAB.444723 http://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.444723 https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-39-3-A25 https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-39-3-A25 Determining the deflagration rate of high explosives is important for understanding the evolution of accident reaction and improving the design of charge safety. A noninvasive terahertz-wave-based Doppler velocimetry (TDV) method is demonstrated for measuring the deflagration rate of a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) under high pressures in a closed burner. The penetration ability of TDV avoids cutting the PBX sample into pieces to embed gauges, thus ensuring the burning surface undisturbed. The development of deflagration rate for the octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetranzocine-based PBX-3 agrees with Vielle’s law before pressure increases too high. But at high pressure, unstable burning is observed, implying the transition to convective burning.

BRUNDAVANAM M M , VISWANATHAN N K , RAO D N . Nanodisplacement measurement using spectral shifts in a white-light interferometer [J ] . Applied Optics , 2008 , 47 ( 34 ): 6334 - 6339 . DOI: 10.1364/AO.47.006334 http://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.006334 https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-47-34-6334 https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-47-34-6334

MANOJLOVIĆ L M . A simple white-light fiber-optic interferometric sensing system for absolute position measurement [J ] . Optics and Lasers in Engineering , 2010 , 48 : 486 - 490 .

WENG J D , TAO T J , LIU S G , et al . Optical-fiber frequency domain interferometer with nanometer resolution and centimeter measuring range [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2013 , 84 : 113103 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4829615 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4829615 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/84/11/113103/358709/Optical-fiber-frequency-domain-interferometer-with https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/84/11/113103/358709/Optical-fiber-frequency-domain-interferometer-with A new optical-fiber frequency domain interferometer (OFDI) device for accurate measurement of the absolute distance between two stationary objects, with centimeter measuring range and nanometer resolution, has been developed. Its working principle and on-line data processing method were elaborated. The new OFDI instrument was constructed all with currently available commercial communication products. It adopted the wide-spectrum amplified spontaneous emission light as the light source and optical-fiber tip as the test probe. Since this device consists of only fibers or fiber coupled components, it is very compact, convenient to operate, and easy to carry. By measuring the single-step length of a translation stage and the thickness of standard gauge blocks, its ability in implementing nanometer resolution and centimeter measuring range on-line measurements was validated.

WANG J , LIU S X , LI J Z , et al . Multi-reference broadband laser ranging to increase the measuring range [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2019 , 90 : 033108 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5051694 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5051694 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/90/3/033108/359422/Multi-reference-broadband-laser-ranging-to https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/90/3/033108/359422/Multi-reference-broadband-laser-ranging-to Broadband laser ranging (BLR) is an appropriate method to obtain absolute distance in dynamic experiments. In this article, we first analyze the performance limit for BLR and indicate that the measuring range can be hardly increased while keeping the distance or time resolution unchanged. Then, multi-reference BLR is proposed, which can break this limit and greatly increase the measuring range. Its validity is demonstrated by an experiment with an explosively driven aluminum surface flying over 100 mm. This method would improve the capability of BLR.

WENG J D , LIU S G , MA H L , et al . Dynamic frequency-domain interferometer for absolute distance measurements with high resolution [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2014 , 85 : 113112 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4902348 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4902348 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/85/11/113112/356353/Dynamic-frequency-domain-interferometer-for https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/85/11/113112/356353/Dynamic-frequency-domain-interferometer-for A unique dynamic frequency-domain interferometer for absolute distance measurement has been developed recently. This paper presents the working principle of the new interferometric system, which uses a photonic crystal fiber to transmit the wide-spectrum light beams and a high-speed streak camera or frame camera to record the interference stripes. Preliminary measurements of harmonic vibrations of a speaker, driven by a radio, and the changes in the tip clearance of a rotating gear wheel show that this new type of interferometer has the ability to perform absolute distance measurements both with high time- and distance-resolution.

马鹤立 , 陶天炯 , 刘盛刚 , 等 . 基于频域干涉的小口径长身管内径测量系统 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 5 ): 1077 - 1082 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.021 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.021 二级轻气炮发射管内膛加工质量对动高压物理冲击加载实验数据的准确度有着重要影响。基于全光纤频域干涉测距技术研制的内径测量系统，可精确测量小口径、大长径比二级轻气炮管内径。该系统采用微型光纤探头作为频域干涉测距传感器，能对管内膛被测点坐标进行精密测量，经椭圆方程拟合后可准确获得待测截面内径。对长度为7 400 mm的28 mm型二级轻气炮炮管通体内径进行了测量，结果表明：在入口处、出口处与三点式内径千分尺测量结果的极差仅为0.014 mm.

MA H L , TAO T J , LIU S G , et al . A measuring system for inner diameter of small-caliber and long gun bore based on frequency domain interferometry [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 5 ): 1077 - 1082 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.021 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.021 The machining quality of two-stage light gas gun bore has asignificant effect on the accuracy of experimental data of shock loading in dynamic high pressure physics research. An inner diameter measuring system based on all-fiber frequency domain interferometry ranging technology is demonstrated，which is used to acquire the accurate inner diameter of bore with small caliber and large length-diameter ratio. The micro fiber-optic probes are used as ranging sensors to precisely measure the coordinates of measuring points in the bore. The inner diameter is calculated by using the elliptic equation to fit the coordinates. The measured result of 28 mm bore with a length of 7 400 mm indicates that the most deviation is 0.014 mm compared to the measured results of three-point inside micrometer. Key

MA H L , LIU S G , TAO T J , et al . A high-performance ranging method with a long distance range and high accuracy [J ] . Optik , 2022 , 253 : 168526 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168526 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.168526 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030402621020222 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030402621020222

ZHU Y , ZHOU P W , ZHONG S C , et al . A multi-spot laser induced breakdown spectroscopy system based on diffraction beam splitter [J ] . Review of Scientific Instruments , 2019 , 90 : 123105 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5120604 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5120604 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/90/12/123105/1018054/A-multi-spot-laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/90/12/123105/1018054/A-multi-spot-laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy A quick simultaneous multispot laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system has been proposed. The basic idea is to combine the Diffraction Beam Splitter (DBS) with the linear-to-linear fiber bundle. The DBS divided the incident laser beam into five sub-beams, and then, a lens focused the incident sub-beam to produce a plasma array, where the distance between the neighbor subplasma was constant and the plasma emission was imaged on the fiber bundle. Each ablated spot on the sample generated the corresponding spectroscopy signals, which were collected by the defined fibers of the fiber bundle, propagated to the spectrograph slit, and then analyzed by the intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector, where the two-dimensional capability of the charge-coupled device detectors was explored for the spectroscopy and position analyses. The five spectroscopy ribbon presented on the ICCD corresponded to the plasma radiation of the five ablated spots. The feasibility of a simultaneous multipoint spectroscopy detection at a single pulse ablation was confirmed by subjecting to the spectroscopy analyses of a copper plane, layered material, and magnesium-molybdenum mixture. The multispot LIBS system can be used in the ejecta research of detonation physics, fluid physics, and so on.

ZHU Y , ZHOU P W , LI S F . Evaluation of gases’ molecular abundance ratio by fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a metal-assisted method [J ] . Plasma Science and Technology , 2021 , 23 : 125506 . DOI: 10.1088/2058-6272/ac2483 http://doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ac2483 A metal-assisted method is proposed for the evaluation of gases’ molecular abundance ratio in fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FO-LIBS). This method can reduce the laser ablation energy and make gas composition identification possible. The principle comes from the collision between the detected gases and the plasma produced by the laser ablation of the metal substrate. The interparticle collision in the plasma plume leads to gas molecules dissociating and sparking, which can be used to determine the gas composition. The quantitative relationship between spectral line intensity and molecular abundance ratio was developed over a large molecular abundance ratio range. The influence of laser ablation energy and substrate material on gas quantitative calibration measurement is also analyzed. The proposed metal-assisted method makes the measurement of gases’ molecular abundance ratios possible with an FO-LIBS system.