简昊天 , 汪柯 , 沈瑞琪 , 等 . 直列式爆炸箔点火及相关技术研究进展 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2022 , 30 ( 4 ): 396 - 411 .

JIAN H T , WANG K , SHEN R Q , et al . Review on in-line exploding foil ignition and related technologies [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2022 , 30 ( 4 ): 396 - 411 . (in Chinese)

PRINSE W , SCHOLTES G . A development platform for a micro-chip EFI [C ] // Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Fuze Conference. Sparks, NV , US : Defense Technical Information Center , 2008 , 3 : 13 - 15 .

付秋菠 , 蒋小华 , 郭菲 , 等 . 爆炸箔尺寸对飞片速度的影响 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2010 , 31 ( 4 ): 434 - 436 . 爆炸箔是冲击片雷管的关键部件，为了获得爆炸箔的厚度和桥区尺寸对冲击片雷管飞片速度爆炸箔是冲击片雷管的关键部件，为了获得爆炸箔的厚度和桥区尺寸对冲击片雷管飞片速度的影响，通过光纤台阶法测试了不同厚度和桥区尺寸的爆炸箔驱动飞片的情况。结果表明：在电压3.4 kV、电流3.5 kA的起爆条件下，最佳的爆炸箔厚度为3.67 μm，可以驱动飞片产生2 307 m/s 的速度；随着爆炸箔桥区尺寸的减小，飞片速度逐渐提高。因此，可以看出在一定的起爆能量下，驱动飞片达到最大速度的爆炸箔存在一个最佳厚度值；在爆炸箔厚度一定的情况下，减小爆炸箔的桥区尺寸，可以提高爆炸箔驱动飞片的能力，从而可以达到降低冲击片雷管起爆能量阈值的目的。

FU Q B , JIANG X H , GUO F , et al . Effect of exploding foil size on flyer velocity [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2010 , 31 ( 4 ): 434 - 436 . (in Chinese)

钱勇 , 褚恩义 , 谢高第 , 等 . 三种爆炸箔桥形状的比较分析 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2009 , 30 ( 2 ): 217 - 220 . 为提高爆炸箔起爆器的能量利用率，本文对其主要影响因素之一爆炸箔桥箔进行了研究，测定了3种不同形状爆炸箔桥箔的爆发电流，并对起爆炸药HNS-IV进行了飞片感度试验。试验结果表明圆形桥箔的爆发电流密度最大，起爆HNS-IV的50%起爆电压最低，爆炸箔起爆器(EFI)选用圆形爆炸箔桥箔可以进一步提高能量利用率，降低发火能量。

QIAN Y , CHU E Y , XIE G D , et al . The optimization design of exploding foil bridge shape [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2009 , 30 ( 2 ): 217 - 220 . (in Chinese) In order to improve availability of the energy in exploding foil initiator(EFI), the exploding foil bridge shape, which is main influence factor on it, was studied. The burst currents of three kinds of bridge foils with different shapes were measured, and the sensitivity of initiation charge made from hexanitrostilbene-IV (HNS-IV) was tested by slappers. The tested results show that, for the rouna shape bridge foil, the burst current density is maximum, the initiating voltage at 50 % firing probabili?ty of HNS-IV is minimum, the availability of energy is improved further and the iirmg energy is re?duced.

ZENG Q X , LV J J , LI M Y . Note: the influence of exploding foil shape on energy deposition [J ] . The Review of scientific instruments , 2013 , 84 ( 6 ): 066105 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4811381 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4811381 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/84/6/066105/355369/Note-The-influence-of-exploding-foil-shape-on https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/84/6/066105/355369/Note-The-influence-of-exploding-foil-shape-on The main influence factors of exploding bridge foil were studied in order to improve energy utilization of the explosion foil initiator. “Square” and “curving” shaped bridge foils were fabricated using magnetron sputtering and chemical etching techniques, and the key dimension of the bridge foil was measured using surface profiler. Commercial software MATLAB was employed to calculate the burst current, burst voltage, and energy deposition. Simulation results were in good agreement with experiment data. In this study, the energy deposition ratio of “square” shaped bridge is between 45%–50%, while the value of “curving” shaped bridge is between 55%–75%.

CHU Q Y , YANG Z , ZHU P , et al . Effect of metal foil size on the actuation properties of micro-chip exploding foil initiator [J ] . Sensors and Actuators: A: Physical , 2022 , 344 : 113701 . DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2022.113701 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113701 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924424722003399 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924424722003399

房旷 , 陈清畴 , 付秋菠 , 等 . 集成爆炸箔起爆器的制备和飞片驱动能力表征 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2016 , 24 ( 9 ): 892 - 897 .

FANG K , CHEN Q C , FU Q B , et al . Fabrication and flyer driving capability characterisation of an integrated exploding foil initiator [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2016 , 24 ( 9 ): 892 - 897 . (in Chinese)

陈楷 , 徐聪 , 朱朋 , 等 . 加速膛与复合飞片对集成爆炸箔起爆器性能的影响 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2018 , 26 ( 3 ): 273 - 278 .

CHEN K , XU C , ZHU P , et al . Effect of barrel and multilayer flyer on the performances of micro chip exploding foil initiator [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2018 , 26 ( 3 ): 273 - 278 . (in Chinese)

ZHOU X , SHEN R Q , YE Y H , et al . Influence of Al/CuO reactive multilayer films additives on exploding foil initiator [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2011 , 110 ( 9 ): 094505 . DOI: 10.1063/1.3658617 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3658617 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/110/9/094505/945308/Influence-of-Al-CuO-reactive-multilayer-films https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/110/9/094505/945308/Influence-of-Al-CuO-reactive-multilayer-films An investigation on the influence of Al/CuO reactive multilayer films (RMFs) additives on exploding foil initiator was performed in this paper. Cu film and Cu/Al/CuO RMFs were produced by using standard microsystem technology and RF magnetron sputtering technology, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy characterization revealed the distinct layer structure of the as-deposited Al/CuO RMFs. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to ascertain the amount of heat released in the thermite reaction between Al films and CuO films, which was found to be 2024 J/g. Electrical explosion tests showed that 600 V was the most matching voltage for our set of apparatus. The explosion process of two types of films was observed by high speed camera and revealed that compared with Cu film, an extra distinct combustion phenomenon was detected with large numbers of product particles fiercely ejected to a distance of about six millimeters for Cu/Al/CuO RMFs. By using the atomic emission spectroscopy double line technique, the reaction temperature was determined to be about 6000–7000 K and 8000–9000 K for Cu film and Cu/Al/CuO RMFs, respectively. The piezoelectricity of polyvinylidene fluoride film was employed to measure the average velocity of the slapper accelerated by the explosion of the films. The average velocities of the slappers were calculated to be 381 m/s and 326 m/s for Cu film and Cu/Al/CuO RMFs, respectively, and some probable reasons were discussed with a few suggestions put forward for further work.

黄娜 , 唐洪佩 , 黄寅生 , 等 . 冲击片雷管爆炸箔的制备与电爆性能 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2014 , 22 ( 4 ): 514 - 520 .

HUANG N , TANG H P , HUANG Y S , et al . Preparation and electrical performance of exploding foil in slapper detonator [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2014 , 22 ( 4 ): 514 - 520 . (in Chinese)

SEEMA S , MARKUS L , NORMAN K , et al . Self-propagating exothermic reaction analysis in Ti/Al reactive films using experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulation [J ] . Applied Surface Science , 2017 , 396 : 1490 - 1498 . DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.197 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.197 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169433216326526 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169433216326526

ZENG Q X , WANG T , LI M Y , et al . Mechanism and characteristics on the electric explosion of Al/Ni reactive multilayer foils [J ] . Applied Physics Letters , 2019 , 115 ( 9 ): 093102 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5115573 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115573 https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/115/9/093102/38255/Mechanism-and-characteristics-on-the-electric https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/115/9/093102/38255/Mechanism-and-characteristics-on-the-electric Al/Ni multilayer foils were integrated with high voltage initiators using conventional microelectronic processing techniques and electrically exploded at an extremely high heating rate. In order to increase the knowledge about the electric explosion process of Al/Ni foils, several samples with different bilayer thicknesses, bridge dimensions, and capacitor voltages were tested. Time dependent voltage and current waveforms, energy depositions, and average flier velocities were measured and compared. The application of Al/Ni multilayers significantly increased the flier velocity and energy deposition of the device. The stored chemical energy of Al/Ni multilayer foils indeed contributed to the flier velocity increase, according to the experimental observations that the 225 nm bilayer bridges with the largest heat of reaction resulting in the highest flier velocities of all. Analysis of the experimental results allows us to prove that the electric explosion process of Al/Ni foils consisted of three stages. First, the Al layers were heated to vaporize. Then, the condensed AlNi grains started to nucleate due to exothermic mixing and subsequently evaporated with continuous energy deposition. Finally, the metal vapors ionized and formed plasma. These results provide fundamental understanding about electric explosion of Al/Ni reactive multilayer foils, and also enable us to improve the reliability and energy efficiency of electrically exploded Al/Ni multilayers for specific applications.

QIN Y , FU Q B , FAN L , et al . Analysis of electric explosion performance of Ni/Cu multilayer foil [J ] . Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics , 2020 , 45 ( 9 ): 1436 - 1442 . DOI: 10.1002/prep.v45.9 http://doi.org/10.1002/prep.v45.9 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15214087/45/9 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15214087/45/9

韩克华 , 任西 , 褚恩义 , 等 . 高压脉冲功率源输出特性 [J ] . 探测与控制学报 , 2012 , 34 ( 4 ): 24 - 29 , 33.

HAN K H , REN X , CHU E Y , et al . Output performance of high voltage pulse power source [J ] . Journal of Detection and Control , 2012 , 34 ( 4 ): 24 - 29 , 33. (in Chinese)

DAVE G , CORY H . Mutiple launch rocket system (MLRS) fuzing evolving to meet end user requirements [C ] // Proceedings of the 51st Annual NDIA Fuze Conference. Nashville, TN , US : Defense Technical Information Center , 2007 .

JIANG X G , ZHANG C F , YU H T , et al . Design and firing and safety performance of metal film igniting component [J ] . Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics , 2020 , 45 ( 5 ): 770 - 774 . DOI: 10.1002/prep.v45.5 http://doi.org/10.1002/prep.v45.5 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15214087/45/5 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15214087/45/5

GRIGORIEV A N , PAVLENKO A V , KARNAUKHOV E I . Studying the influence of a foil material on the uniformity of its electric explosion [J ] . Technical physics letters: Letters to the Russian journal of applied physics , 2014 , 40 ( 10 ): 913 - 916 .

SINGH V , JULIEN B , SALVAGNAC L , et al . Influence of process parameters on energetic properties of sputter-deposited Al/CuO reactive multilayers [J ] . Nanotechnology , 2022 , 33 ( 46 ): 465704 . DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac85c5 http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac85c5 In this study, we demonstrate the effect of change of the sputtering power and the deposition pressure on the ignition and the combustion properties of Al/CuO reactive thin films. A reduced sputtering power of Al along with the deposition carried out at a higher-pressure result in a high-quality thin film showing a 200% improvement in the burn rate and a 50% drop in the ignition energy. This highlights the direct implication of the change of the process parameters on the responsivity and the reactivity of the reactive film while maintaining the Al and CuO thin-film integrity both crystallographically and chemically. Atomically resolved structural and chemical analyzes enabled us to qualitatively determine how the microstructural differences at the interface (thickness, stress level, delamination at high temperatures and intermixing) facilitate the Al and O migrations and impact the overall nano-thermite reactivity. We found that the deposition of CuO under low pressure produces well-defined and similar Al-CuO and CuO-Al interfaces with the least expected intermixing. Our investigations also showed that the magnitude of residual stress induced during the deposition plays a decisive role in influencing the overall nano-thermite reactivity. Higher is the magnitude of the tensile residual stress induced, stronger is the presence of gaseous oxygen at the interface. By contrast, high compressive interfacial stress aids in preserving the Al atoms for the main reaction while not getting expended in the interface thickening. Overall, this analysis helped in understanding the effect of change of deposition conditions on the reactivity of Al/CuO nanolaminates and several handles that may be pulled to optimize the process better by means of physical engineering of the interfaces.

ANA S R , SÓNIA S , LUKASZ M , et al . Effect of deposition parameters on the reactivity of Al/Ni multilayer thin films [J ] . Coatings , 2020 , 10 ( 8 ): 721 . DOI: 10.3390/coatings10080721 http://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080721 https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/8/721 https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/8/721 Nanoscale multilayers can be used as highly localized heat sources, making them attractive for several applications, in particular for joining and as igniters. Over the last decades, academia and industry have given particular emphasis to nanoscale multilayers from the Ni–Al system. In this study, Al/Ni (V) multilayer thin films with periods of nominally 25 and 50 nm (bilayer thickness) and near equiatomic average stoichiometry were produced by d.c. magnetron sputtering from Al (99.999% pure) and Ni (93 wt % Ni, 7 wt % V) targets (vanadium was added to the Ni target to make it non-magnetic). Deposition parameters such as the substrate rotation speed and substrate bias were varied in order to evaluate their effect on the reactivity of the multilayers. The influence of in situ ion bombardment of the multilayer thin films was also studied. Phase identification was carried out by X-ray diffraction, while the microstructure was analyzed in detail by transmission electron microscopy, distinguishing alternating layers throughout the entire thickness of the films. Although the films mainly consist of Al- and Ni-rich layers, the presence of the Al3Ni intermetallic phase was detected, except in the multilayers produced with the ion gun switched on during the deposition process. The ion bombardment, as well as the increase of the substrate bias, promote some microstructural disorder and thus affect the multilayers’ reactivity.

WANG Y , ZHOU Q , JIANG H C , et al . Influence of interface layer on the properties of exploding foil flyer generator by integrating Al/Ni multilayers [J ] . Physica Status Solidi A-Applications and Materials Science , 2020 , 217 ( 11 ): 2000112 .

SUN L X , ZHAN Z Q , WU Z Q , et al . Optimizing cure temperature of polyimide flyer for exploding foil initiator applications [J ] . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 2022 , 139 ( 44 ): e53072 . DOI: 10.1002/app.v139.44 http://doi.org/10.1002/app.v139.44 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10974628/139/44 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/10974628/139/44

李可为 , 褚恩义 , 薛艳 , 等 . 基于非硅微制造工艺的爆炸箔起爆器研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2017 , 38 ( 2 ): 261 - 266 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.02.008 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.02.008 为了实现爆炸箔起爆器的集成化和批量化制备，研究了爆炸箔起爆器非硅微制造工艺技术。采用磁控溅射和光刻技术制备了桥箔，通过紫外厚胶技术在桥箔上制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯光刻胶飞片层，并利用SU-8光刻胶集成制造了加速膛，划片后一个衬底上制备了268个爆炸箔起爆器组件，每个组件的体积为0.018 cm³. 集成后的爆炸箔起爆器50%发火感度为2 185 V. 试验了爆炸箔起爆器组件的耐高温性能，结果表明在160 ℃下经历50 h以后，爆炸箔起爆器组件依然可以正常起爆Ⅳ型六硝基菧炸药柱。

LI K W , CHU E Y , XUE Y , et al . Research on exploding foil initiator based on non-silicon MEMS technology [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2017 , 38 ( 2 ): 261 - 266 . (in Chinese)

HAN K H , ZHAO W J , DENG P , et al . Research on characteristics of copper foil three-electrode planar spark gap high voltage switch integrated with EFI [J ] . Applied Sciences , 2022 , 12 ( 4 ): 1989 . DOI: 10.3390/app12041989 http://doi.org/10.3390/app12041989 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/4/1989 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/4/1989 In view of the low-energy explosion foil detonation system’s requirements for the integration technology of high-voltage switches and technical overload resistance technology, a magnetron sputtering coater is used to sputter copper film on the surface of the substrate. The thickness is 4.0 μm, the radius of the main electrode is 4 mm, the trigger electrode is 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm, and the main gaps are 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.2 mm mm, 1.8 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.2 mm, and 2.6 mm. Copper foil three-electrode planar spark gap high voltage switches are designed and manufactured; and the static self-breakdown characteristics, dynamic operating characteristics, and discharge life characteristics of the three-electrode planar spark gap high voltage switch based on copper foil are studied in this paper. The test results show that with the increase of the main electrode gap from 0.8 mm to 2.6 mm, the self-breakdown voltage of the planar spark gap switch increases, and the working voltage also increases. When the main electrode gap is a maximum of 2.6 mm, the self-breakdown voltage of the switch can reach 3480 V, which indicates that the maximum operating voltage of the switch is 3480 V. When the charging voltage is 2.0 kV, with the increase of the main electrode gap from 0.8 mm to 2.6 mm, the minimum trigger voltage value of the planar spark gap switch increases from 677 V to 1783 V (a = 0.6 mm), and from 685 V to 1766 V (a = 0.8 mm), the switch on time is 16 ns, 22 ns, 28 ns, 48 ns, 64 ns, 77 ns, 93 ns (a = 0.6 mm), and 26 ns, 34 ns, 51 ns, 67 ns, 81 ns, 102 ns (a = 0.6 mm). With the increase of the gap between the two main electrodes of the switch, the maximum static working voltage of the three-electrode plane spark gap high-voltage switch increases, the minimum trigger voltage value also increases, and the on-time of the switch gradually becomes longer. The peak current of the discharge circuit decreases and the dynamic impedance and inductive reactance of the switch also increase; as the width of the trigger electrode increases, the minimum trigger voltage decreases, the dynamic impedance and inductance decrease, and the switch operating voltage with the same parameters is higher. The easier the switch is to turn on, the lower the minimum trigger voltage. The electrode thickness of the three-electrode plane spark gap switch has a certain influence on the field strength and the service life of the switch. The results of this study provide useful references for promoting the research and development of LEEFIs.

BOWDEN M , NEAL W . High fidelity studies of exploding foil initiator bridges, Part 1: experimental method [J ] . AIP Conference Proceedings , 2017 , 1793 ( 1 ): 060020 .

赵彦 , 曾庆轩 , 梁琦 . 电爆炸桥箔电导率模型研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2008 , 29 ( 8 ): 902 - 906 . 电爆炸桥箔是冲击片雷管的重要组成部分，其电导率是电爆炸过程中的重要参数。在分析桥箔状态变化的物理原理基础上，提出了将电导率分3个阶段来讨论：桥箔加热初始阶段、本征爆炸阶段和等离子体阶段。根据各个阶段的特点，建立了电爆炸过程桥箔电导率的计算模型。用此模型模拟的结果与实验结果具有很好的一致性。

ZHAO Y , ZENG Q X , LIANG Q . Study of theoretical model for conductivity of electric exploding foil [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2008 , 29 ( 8 ): 902 - 906 . (in Chinese) The electric exploding foil is an important component of slapper plate detonator, and its con?ductivity is a key parameter of electric exploding process. The conductivity was discussed from three phases, i. e. early heated, intrinsic exploding and plasma, by analyzing the physics principle of the change of foil state. A computational model of conductivity of foil in an electric exploding process was established based on the characteristics of each phase. The simulated results of the model coincide well with the experimental results.

LI J , CHU E Y , TONG H H , et al . Study on energy conversion characterization of low energy exploding foil initiator system [C ] // Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Defence Technology . Beijing, China : China Ordnance Society , 2018 : 408 - 410 .

TUCKER T J , STANTON P L . Electrical gurney energy: a new conception in modeling of energy transfer from electrically exploded conductors:SAND-75-0244 [R ] . Albuquerque, NM , US : Sandia Labs , 1975 .

STANTON P L . Acceleration of flyer plates by electrically exploding foils:SAND-75-0221 [R ] . Albuquerque, NM , US : Sandia Labs , 1976 .