ZHU T , WILLS R G A , LOT R , et al . Optimal sizing and sensitivity analysis of a battery-supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles [J ] . Energy , 2021 , 221 : 1 - 14 .

KOUCHACHVILI L , YAICI W , ENTCHEV E . Hybrid battery/supercapacitor energy storage system for the electric vehicles [J ] . Journal of Power Sources , 2018 , 374 : 237 - 248 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.040 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.040 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775317314994 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775317314994

李嘉麒 , 魏曙光 , 廖自力 , 等 . 陆战平台全电化关键技术发展综述 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 10 ): 2049 - 2059 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.001 为进一步推进陆战平台全电化技术的发展，介绍了全电化陆战平台的基本特点和主要技术，面向未来陆战战场和新型战争形态阐述全电化技术在提高陆战平台机动性能、持续作战、战斗能力等方面的功能和作用，分析陆军装备轻型化、智能化、无人化的发展趋势。结合我军陆战装备的发展概况，从全电化陆战平台的驱动电机及其控制技术、车载综合电力系统、电磁武器、电磁装甲防护4个方面详细剖析陆战平台全电化的主要内容和关键技术，探究以上关键技术的研究现状，揭示全电化陆战平台持续发展的技术瓶颈，提出陆战平台在电机、电力系统、电磁等方向的发展思路，探索陆战平台全电化技术的运用前景。

LI J Q , WEI S G , LIAO Z L , et al . Review on the key technologies and development of all-electric land warfare platform [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 10 ): 2049 - 2059 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.001 The basic characteristics and key technologies of an all-electric land warfare platform are introduced， and the importance of the all-electric technologies for improving the performance of land warfare platform is elaborated in terms of vehicular mobility，sustainability，and combat capability. The development tendency of light-weight, intelligent and unmanned land warfare platform is further analyzed. The key technologies of all-electric land warfare platform are investigated in terms of drive motor and its control，integrated power system，electromagnetic weapon，and electromagnetic armor. The technical background and current bottlenecks are studied，and the developing direction of land warfare platform，which includes motor，power system，electromagnetism，are put forward. Finally，the potential future applications of all-electric technologies are explored.

廖自力 , 疏歆 , 高强 , 等 . 电传动装甲车辆母线电压双通道补偿控制 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 10 ): 2082 - 2091 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.004 针对电传动装甲车辆突然加速或减速瞬间和加速过程中出现的母线电压波动现象，开展母线电压控制策略研究。基于某型8×8轮式装甲车电力系统拓扑结构，建立计及超级电容和电机负载在内的DC/DC小信号模型，剖析以上两种工况下母线电压波动现象诱因。根据功率前馈控制策略并结合电机驱动器-轮毂电机负载“负阻抗”特性分析，提出一种双通道补偿控制策略并通过硬件在环仿真和样车试验对其有效性进行验证。研究结果表明：功率前馈控制对车辆突然加速或减速诱发的母线电压波动具有较好的抑制作用，但对于加速过程中电机负载“负阻抗”特性导致的母线电压波动基本无作用；采用双通道补偿控制能够有效抑制两种母线电压波动现象，提高系统抗干扰能力。

LIAO Z L , SHU X , GAO Q , et al. Double channel compensation control of bus voltage for armored vehicle electric transmission [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 10 ): 2082 - 2091 . (in Chinese)

SONG Z Y , HOFMANN H , LI J Q , et al . Optimization for a hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles using dynamic programing approach [J ] . Applied Energy , 2015 , 139 : 151 - 162 . DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.020 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.020 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261914011696 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261914011696

ZHOU S Y , CHEN Z Q , HUANG D Y , et al . Model prediction and rule based energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with hybrid energy storage system [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics , 2020 , 36 ( 5 ): 5926 - 5940 . DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.63 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.63 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=63 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=63

WANG Y J , WANG L , LI M C , et al . A review of key issues for control and management in battery and ultra-capacitor hybrid energy storage systems [J ] . eTransportation , 2020 , 4 : 1 - 12 .

林苗 . 超级电容与锂电池混合动力系统能量控制研究及实现 [D ] . 武汉 : 武汉理工大学 , 2014 .

LIN M . Energy control research and implementation for hybrid power system of the super capacitor and lithium battery [D ] . Wuhan : Wuhan University of Technology , 2014 . (in Chinese)

刘维杰 . 纯电动客车复合储能系统控制策略及其优化 [D ] . 哈尔滨 : 哈尔滨理工大学 , 2021 .

LIU W J . Research on control strategy and optimization of compound energy storage system for pure electric bus [D ] . Harbin : Harbin University of Science and Technology , 2021 . (in Chinese)

BAI Y F , LI J W , HE H W , et al . Optimal design of a hybrid energy storage system in a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle for battery lifetime improvement [J ] . IEEE Access , 2020 ( 8 ): 142148 - 142158 .

张卫 , 杨珏 , 张文明 , 等 . 纯电动矿车复合能源系统研究 [J ] . 汽车工程 , 2019 , 41 ( 6 ): 641 - 646 .

ZHANG W , YANG J , ZHANG W M , et al . A research on hybrid energy storage system for battery electric mining trucks [J ] . Automotive Engineering , 2019 , 41 ( 6 ): 641 - 646 . (in Chinese)

肖军 . 纯电动汽车混合储能系统参数匹配及控制策略研究 [D ] . 重庆 : 重庆大学 , 2015 .

XIAO J . Parameters design and control strategy of hybrid energy storage system for pure electric vehicle [D ] . Chongqing : Chongqing University , 2015 . (in Chinese)

SONG Z Y , HOFMANN H , LI J Q , et al . Energy management strategies comparison for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system [J ] . Applied Energy , 2014 , 134(Dec. 1) : 321 - 331 .

ZHANG L , HU X S , WANG Z P , et al . Multi-objective optimal sizing of hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 2018 , 67 ( 2 ): 1027 - 1035 . DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2017.2762368 http://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2017.2762368 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8066370/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8066370/

ELDEEB H H , ELSAYED A T , LASHWAY C R , et al . Hybrid energy storage sizing and power splitting optimization for plug-in electric vehicles [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications , 2019 , 55 ( 3 ): 2252 - 2262 . DOI: 10.1109/TIA.28 http://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.28 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=28 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=28

SHEN J Y , DUSMEZ S , KHALIGH A . Optimization of sizing and battery cycle life in battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics , 2014 , 10 ( 4 ): 2112 - 2121 . DOI: 10.1109/TII.2014.2334233 http://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2014.2334233 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6847201/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6847201/

MESBAHI T , KHENFRI F , RIZOUG N , et al . Combined optimal sizing and control of Li-Ion battery/supercapacitor embedded power supply using hybrid particle Swarm-Nelder-Mead algorithm [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy , 2017 , 8 ( 1 ): 59 - 73 . DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2016.2582927 http://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2016.2582927 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7496938/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7496938/

刘佳骏 . 锂电池和超级电容混合储能系统的最优设计与控制 [D ] . 北京 : 北京科技大学 , 2018 .

LIU J J . Optimal design and control of Li-battery/ ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system [D ] . Beijing : University of Science and Technology Beijing , 2018 . (in Chinese)

刘畅 . 锂电池与超级电容混合储能系统的优化配置与能量管理 [D ] . 合肥 : 中国科学技术大学 , 2020 .

LIU C . The configuration optimization and energy management for Li-ion battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system [D ] . Hefei : University of Science and Technology of China , 2020 . (in Chinese)

ZHOU T P , SUN W . Optimization of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage station in wind/solar generation system [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy , 2014 , 5 ( 2 ): 408 - 415 . DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2013.2288804 http://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2013.2288804 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6701344/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6701344/

CHEN H , ZHANG Z H , GUAN C , et al. Optimization of sizing and frequency control in battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for fuel cell ship [J ] . Energy , 2020 , 197 : 117285 . DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117285 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117285 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544220303923 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544220303923

王言子 . 车用复合储能装置的设计与功率分配策略研究 [D ] . 北京 : 北京理工大学 , 2016 .

WANG Y Z . Research on design and power split strategies of hybrid energy storage system in vehicle [D ] . Beijing : Beijing Institute of Technology , 2016 . (in Chinese)

徐瑞阳 . 纯电动汽车复合电源储能系统的研究 [D ] . 天津 : 天津理工大学 , 2018 .

XU R Y . Research on electric vehicle of hybrid power storage system [D ] . Tianjin : Tianjin University of Technology , 2018 . (in Chinese)

宋子由 . 客车用锂电池/超级电容混合储能系统的优化与控制 [D ] . 北京 : 清华大学 , 2016 .

SONG Z Y . The optimization and control of Li-battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for bus [D ] . Beijing : Tsinghua University , 2016 . (in Chinese)

李逢兵 . 含锂电池和超级电容混合储能系统的控制与优化研究 [D ] . 重庆 : 重庆大学 , 2015 .

LI F B . Control and optimization of hybrid energy storage systems containing Lithium-ion batteries and super-capacitors [D ] . Chongqing : Chongqing University , 2015 . (in Chinese)

KIM J , CHO B H . State-of-charge estimation and State-of-Health prediction of a Li-Ion degraded battery based on an EKF combined with a per-unit system [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 2011 , 60 ( 9 ): 4249 - 4260 . DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2011.2168987 http://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2011.2168987 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6024483/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6024483/

程民 . 电动汽车混合储能系统能量管理策略研究 [D ] . 合肥 : 安徽大学 , 2021 .

CHENG M . Research on energy management strategy of composite energy storage system for electric vehicle [D ] . Hefei : Anhui University , 2021 . (in Chinese)

黄智奇 . 电动汽车复合能源系统的研究 [D ] . 杭州 : 浙江大学 , 2016 .

HUANG Z Q . Research on hybrid power system of electric vehicle [D ] . Hangzhou : Zhejiang University , 2016 . (in Chinese)

黄峰 , 黄鹏 , 王亚洲 . 超级电容的选用及其常见应用电路性能比较 [J ] . 科技创新与应用 , 2020 ( 15 ): 67 - 68 .

HUANG F , HUANG P , WANG Y Z . Selection of super capacitors and comparison of their common application circuits [J ] . Technology Innovation and Application , 2020 ( 15 ): 67 - 68 . (in Chinese)

PAN C F , LIANG Y Y , CHEN L , et al . Optimal control for hybrid energy storage electric vehicle to achieve energy saving using dynamic programming approach [J ] . Energies , 2019 , 12 ( 4 ): 1 - 19 . DOI: 10.3390/en12010001 http://doi.org/10.3390/en12010001 http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/1/1 http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/1/1 One of the benefits of the supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle in Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors is an enhanced plant safety, since potential reactions of CO 2 with liquid sodium have been reported to be less stringent than a sodium-water reaction found in the Rankine cycle. However, moderate chemical interactions between CO 2 and liquid sodium make detecting CO 2 ingress accidents harder. Thus, this paper proposes a new physics-based detection algorithm by comparing the real-time pressure measurements of two identical heat exchangers for the early detection. The CO 2 ingress occurs owing to a crack at the pressure boundary wall, a certain self-recovery of structural damage does not happen over time, and an accident probabilistically starts at only one component of two. The proposed physics-based method with the probabilistic analysis was compared to the pure data-based method. Finally, the damage degradation was developed with a simplified mass and energy transfer model, and the proposed algorithm was verified with experimental data. The results show that a 99.99% detection probability can be achieved for the air ingress of 30 cc/s, which is equivalent to the 0.12 g/s CO 2 ingress, in a 70 s detection time, limiting down to 0.1% false alarms due to sensor noise.

胡建军 , 郑勇 , 胡志华 , 等 . 纯电动汽车混合储能系统参数匹配及控制策略 [J ] . 中国公路学报 , 2018 , 31 ( 3 ): 142 - 150 . 为了解决纯电动汽车用动力电池功率密度低、大电流充放电能力差和循环使用寿命短等问题，以超级电容与动力电池组成的复合储能系统为研究对象，提出了基于典型循环工况的复合储能系统参数匹配优化方法；在满足各循环工况对复合储能系统能量需求与功率需求的前提下，以动力电池容量和超级电容容量为优化变量，对复合储能系统总成本与总质量进行了多目标优化。在此基础上，根据电机需求功率及超级电容荷电状态，以减小动力电池输出电流为目标，制订了基于滤波思想的基本规则控制策略；为更好地适应不同的循环工况，提出了复合模糊控制策略，其中主模糊控制器基于电机功率需求、动力电池荷电状态和超级电容荷电状态得到动力电池输出功率初次分配系数，子模糊控制器根据电机功率需求和超级电容当前荷电状态与其目标值的差值得到动力电池输出功率修正系数，二者协同作用得到动力电池最佳输出功率，并对整车动力性、经济性、动力电池电流和温度特性进行了仿真分析。结果表明：采用所提出的复合储能系统及2种控制方法与单一动力电池的纯电动汽车相比，百公里加速时间分别缩短了6.89%和9.85%，NYCC工况下总能耗分别降低了14.15%和19.08%，动力电池最大电流分别降低了63.4%和65.17%，动力电池温升分别降低了22.87%和61.53%。

HU J J , ZHENG Y , HU Z H , et al . Parameter matching and control strategies of hybrid energy storage system for pure electric vehicle [J ] . China Journal of Highway and Transport , 2018 , 31 ( 3 ): 142 - 150 . (in Chinese)

刘钊 , 蒋进科 . 增程式电动客车混合储能系统参数匹配 [J ] . 客车技术与研究 , 2020 , 42 ( 6 ): 11 - 14 .

LIU Z , JIANG J K . Parameters match of hybrid energy storage system for an extended-range electric bus [J ] . Bus & Coach Technology and Research , 2020 , 42 ( 6 ): 11 - 14 . (in Chinese)

汤亚平 . 双电机四驱汽车驱动与制动控制策略研究 [D ] . 哈尔滨 : 东北林业大学 , 2019 .

TANG Y P . Research on driving and braking control strategy of dual motor four-wheel drive vehicle [D ] . Harbin : Northeast Forestry University , 2019 . (in Chinese)

马晓军 , 袁东 , 项宇 , 等 . 陆战平台综合电力系统及其关键技术研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2017 , 38 ( 2 ): 396 - 406 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.02.026 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.02.026 针对地面战斗平台电驱动、电武器、电防护以及其他多用电任务剖面需求，提出了陆战平台综合电力系统的理论构架，对系统概念、功能与特点进行了界定，并构建了一种基于多驱动特性能量源的系统分布式体系结构。在此基础上，以“系统容量”和“电能质量”为纽带，系统分析了能量源匹配计算、功率变换装置设计、能量分配与优化控制以及电能质量分析与管理等关键技术。研制了系统样机并应用于工程实践，为加快推进陆战平台全电化技术发展提供能源支撑与技术借鉴。

MA X J , YUAN D , XIANG Y , et al . Research on integrated power system and its key techniques of ground combat platform [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2017 , 38 ( 2 ): 396 - 406 . (in Chinese)

张卫 , 杨珏 , 张文明 , 等 . 纯电动汽车蓄电池-超级电容复合能源系统研究 [J ] . 电测与仪表 , 2019 , 56 ( 3 ): 82 - 90 .

ZHANG W , YANG J , ZHANG W M , et al . Research on battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy system for pure electric vehicle [J ] . Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation , 2019 , 56 ( 3 ): 82 - 90 . (in Chinese)