袁艳艳 , 司小冬 , 吴诗寒 , 等 . 极地环境液压马达密封技术分析及仿真验证 [J ] . 船舶工程 , 2019 ( 增刊1 ): 100 - 105 .

YUAN Y Y , SI X D , WU S H , et al. Analysis andsimulation verification of sealing technology of polar hydraulic motor [J ] . Ship Engineering , 2019 ( S1 ): 100 - 105 . (in Chinese)

陈英龙 , 郝新娟 , 宋甫俊 , 等 . 低温环境下液压元件及系统研究综述 [J ] . 机床与液压 , 2022 , 50 ( 13 ): 174 - 180 .

CHEN Y L , HAO X J , SONG F J , et al. Review of research on hydraulic component and system in low temperature environment [J ] . Machine Tool &Hydraulics , 2022 , 50 ( 13 ): 174 - 180 . (in Chinese)

彭立广 , 焦悦 , 丘铭军 . 基于液压油超低温特性的加热及保温系统设计仿真和试验分析 [J ] . 液压气动与密封 , 2020 , 40 ( 3 ): 64 - 69 .

PENG L G , JIAO Y , QIU M J . Design simulation and test analysis of heating and heat preservation system based on hydraulic oil ultra-low temperature characteristics [J ] . Hydraulics Pneumatics & Seals , 2020 , 40 ( 3 ): 64 - 69 . (in Chinese)

盖江涛 . 履带车辆双电机耦合驱动技术研究 [D ] . 长沙 : 湖南大学 , 2015 .

GAI J T . Study on technology of double side motors coupling drive transmission for tracked vehicle [D ] . Changsha : Hunan University , 2015 . (in Chinese)

徐保荣 , 张金豹 , 姚李刚 , 等 . 液力机械综合传动装置低温阻力矩特性研究与验证 [J/OL ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 ( 2022-07-13 ). https://doi:org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182 https://dx.doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182 . DOI: https://doi:org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182 http://doi.org/https://doi:org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182

XU B R , ZHANG J B , YAO L G , et al. Research and validation on resistance torque characteristics of hydro-mechanical comprehensive transmission device at low temperature condition [J/OL ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 ( 2022-07-13 ). https://doi:org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182 https://dx.doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182 . (in Chinese) DOI: https://doi:org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182 http://doi.org/https://doi:org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0182

CYRIAC F , LUGT P M , BOSMAN R . Yield stress and low-temperature start-up torque of lubricating greases [J ] . Tribology Letters , 2016 , 63 ( 1 ): 6 . DOI: 10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8

WAN G , LI S , WU Q , et al. Effect of low-temperature on the tribological properties of the different material of marine hydraulic vane motor [C ] //Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety . Liverpool, UK : IEEE , 2019 : 548 - 557 .

XIE M K , SHI J , MENG Q T , et al. Aircraft hydraulic power system design for low temperature [C ] //Proceedings of CSAA/IET International Conference on Aircraft Utility Systems . Online : CSAA/IET , 2020 : 1016 - 1020 .

JIANGSQ , LU H Y , HENG C Y , et al. Characteristic analysis of friction force of servo valve spool under the influence of temperature [C ] // Proceedings of CSAA/IET International Conference on Aircraft Utility Systems Conference.Nanchang,China:CSAA/IET , 2022 : 453 - 459 .

徐保荣 , 吴延威 , 卢亚辉 , 等 . 综合传动装置起动扭矩测试试验研究 [J ] . 计算机测量与控制 , 2015 , 23 ( 5 ): 1606 - 1608 ,1612.

XU B R , WU Y W , LU Y H , et al. Research on test method of starting torque with integrated transmission system [J ] . Computer Measurement & Control , 2015 , 23 ( 5 ): 1606 - 1608 ,1612. (in Chinese)

王勇 , 张升霞 . 挖掘机发动机低温预热方法的研究与应用 [J ] . 建筑机械 , 2017 ( 12 ): 51 - 53 .

WANG Y , ZHANG S X . Research and application of low temperature preheating method for excavator engine [J ] . Construction Machinery , 2017 ( 12 ): 51 - 53 . (in Chinese)

管仁廷 , 毕晓超 . 液压系统低温环境技术应用 [J ] . 机械工程与自动化 , 2016 ( 3 ): 204 - 205 ,208.

GUAN R T , BI X C . Application technology of hydraulic system at low temperature [J ] . Mechanical Engineering & Automation , 2016 ( 3 ): 204 - 205 ,208. (in Chinese)

高立全 , 王佳 . 甲板机械极地防寒的电伴热装置 [J ] . 机电设备 , 2019 , 36 ( 5 ): 25 - 27 .

GAO L Q , WANG J . Pole cold-proof electric heat tracing device for deck machine [J ] . Mechanical and Electrical Equipment , 2016 ( 3 ): 25 - 27 . (in Chinese)

陈新峰 . 低温对液压介质的影响及解决措施 [J ] . 机械工程师 , 2013 ( 4 ): 210 .

CHEN X F . Influence of low temperature on hydraulic medium and solutions [J ] . Mechanical Engineer , 2013 ( 4 ): 210 . (in Chinese)

王乐 , 万鑫 , 邱祥宇 , 等 . 某电动汽车整车热管理系统控制策略研究 [C ] //2018中国汽车工程学会年会论文集 . 上海 : 中国汽车工程学会 , 2018 : 427 - 432 .

WANG L , WAN X , QIU X Y , et al. Research on control strategy of vehicle thermal management system for an electric vehicle [C ] //Proceedings of China Society of Automotive Engineers Congress . Shanghai : China Society of Automotive Engineers , 2018 : 427 - 432 . (in Chinese)

苗龙 . 特种车辆分布式混合动力热管理系统研究 [D ] . 北京 : 北京理工大学 , 2015 .

MIAO L . Study on thermal management system of distributed hybrid electric special vehicle [D ] . Beijing : Beijing Institute of Technology , 2015 . (in Chinese)

王瑞 , 王义春 , 冯朝卿 , 等 . 混合动力履带车辆电机加热低温预热系统设计 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2015 , 36 ( 3 ): 398 - 404 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.03.003 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.03.003 针对混合动力履带车辆设计了一种利用驱动电机堵转生热进行加热的低温预热系统，该系统可以在不添加任何装置的前提下利用原有部件实现辅助加温，以满足车辆冷启动需求。通过计算流体力学数值计算得到预热过程中动力舱向外界环境的传热特性，并对仿真结果进行试验验证。结合动力舱各部件参数，利用MATLAB计算不同加热功率下达到预热目标温度所需的加热时间，并分析各加热过程中的能量损失情况。计算结果表明：满足预热时间要求的最低加热功率为70 kW，所需加热量为181 MJ. 结合动力电池的低温特性，通过加热功率计算选择电池的总容量，根据其低温放电率进行校核，最终确定在使用磷酸铁锂电池时电池容量至少为292 A·h. 针对混合动力履带车辆设计了一种利用驱动电机堵转生热进行加热的低温预热系统，该系统可以在不添加任何装置的前提下利用原有部件实现辅助加温，以满足车辆冷启动需求。通过计算流体力学数值计算得到预热过程中动力舱向外界环境的传热特性，并对仿真结果进行试验验证。结合动力舱各部件参数，利用MATLAB计算不同加热功率下达到预热目标温度所需的加热时间，并分析各加热过程中的能量损失情况。计算结果表明：满足预热时间要求的最低加热功率为70 kW，所需加热量为181 MJ. 结合动力电池的低温特性，通过加热功率计算选择电池的总容量，根据其低温放电率进行校核，最终确定在使用磷酸铁锂电池时电池容量至少为292 A·h.

WANG R , WANG Y C , FENG C Q , et al. Design of low temperature preheating system of hybrid electric tracked vehicle based on motor heating [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2015 , 36 ( 3 ): 398 - 404 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.03.003 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.03.003 For the tracked HEV, a new preheating system of powertrain is designed to solve the cold start problem in winter,in which the heat is generated by the drive motor running at very low speed. The new preheating system can meet the need of cold start. In order to get the heat from the power cabin to the outside environment, CFD numerical calculation is done for the heating process. The simulation results are verified through the relevant test. Based on the heat loss of power cabin and the parameters of engine cabin components,a heat transfer model of preheating system is established by using MATLAB. The total energy required for preheating at different ambient temperatures is calculated by this model. The energy losses and heating efficiency are obtained at different heating powers. The results show that the minimum heating power is 70 kW, and total energy is181 MJ.By considering the low temperature discharge rule of power battery, the heating power and battery capacity in the process of preheating are calculated for lithium iron phosphate batteries.The minimum battery capacity is 292 A·h.

王斌 , 宁斌 , 陈辛波 , 等 . 齿轮传动搅油功率损失的研究进展 [J ] . 机械工程学报 , 2020 , 56 ( 23 ): 1 - 20 . DOI: 10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 http://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 齿轮搅油损失（Oil churning losses）对传动系统的润滑性能、传动平稳性和节能经济性有着显著的影响。研究齿轮搅油损失的预测和控制方法，对传动系统的优化设计和节能减排有着重要意义。研究表明：高速工况下的搅油损失可达减/变速箱功率总损失的50%以上，且齿轮搅油损失随润滑环境、几何结构和运动工况条件变化显著。搅油损失机理复杂，涉及因素多，探索齿轮系搅油损失机理和掌握搅油能耗特性的变化规律，是国内外研究的难点和热点。至今已有大量齿轮搅油损失建模研究和应用，但主要都是针对某一特定工况或传动条件下的研究，鲜有全面的、完善的理论来分析搅油损失，因此对齿轮搅油损失进行全面的论述和总结很有必要。结合国内外的研究进展，从理论、仿真和试验三方面来综述齿轮搅油损失各影响因素的定性和定量研究，重点分析了搅油损失建模方法及应用场合，并指出了降低搅油损失的方法。

WANG B , NING B , CHEN X B , et al. Researchprogress in churning losses of gear transmission [J ] . Journal of Mechanical Engineering , 2020 , 56 ( 23 ): 1 - 20 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 http://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 Oil churning losses have a significant influence on lubricating performance, transmission stability, and energy-saving economy of transmission systems. Research on the predicting and controlling methods of gear churning losses contributes the optimal design and energy saving of the transmission system. Studies show that oil churning losses occupy more than 50% of total power losses of reducers/gearboxes under high speed condition, and that churning losses change significantly with the lubricating condition, geometrical structure, and working condition. Churning losses is complex in mechanism and involve extensive factors, therefore exploring its mechanism and mastering energy consumption characteristics is the recent research difficulties and hotspots. Lots of researches focused on the modeling and application of oil churning losses, but many of them aimed at some a special working condition and lacked universality and systematisms. Thus, it is necessary to thoroughly discuss and summarize churning losses. By combining recent research progress in theory, simulation and bench test, the churning losses are studied based on quantitative and qualitative analysis on different influence factors. Modeling methods and applications are emphasized and the methods of reducing churning losses are given in detail.

胡开埂 . 基于DSP的永磁同步电机四象限驱动控制系统的研究 [D ] . 哈尔滨 : 哈尔滨工业大学 , 2007 .

HU K G . Study on the four-quadrant control system of PMSM based on DSP [D ] . Harbin : Harbin Institute of Technology , 2007 . (in Chinese)

袁双玲 . 牵引电机转子铁心感应加热技术研究 [J ] . 微电机 , 2022 , 55 ( 3 ): 75 - 78 .

YUAN S L . Research on induction heating technology of traction motor rotor core [J ] . Micromotors , 2022 , 55 ( 3 ): 75 - 78 . (in Chinese)

符涛 , 徐爱祥 , 寇广孝 , 等 . 4种导热油比热容随温度变化规律 [J ] . 湖南科技大学学报(自然科学版) , 2021 , 36 ( 2 ): 119 - 124 .

FU T , XU A X , KOU G X , et al. The variation of specific heat of four heat transfer oils related with temperature [J ] . Journal of Hunan University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition) , 2021 , 36 ( 2 ): 119 - 124 . (in Chinese)

LI T , GIORGIO R , SIMONA O . Energy management strategy for HEVs including battery life optimization [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification , 2015 , 1 ( 3 ): 211 - 222 . DOI: 10.1109/TTE.2015.2471180 http://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2015.2471180 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7217846/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7217846/

LIU S H , DU C Q , YAN F W , et al. A rule-based energy management strategy for a new BSG hybrid electric vehicle [C ] //Proceedings of the 2012 Third Global Congress on Intelligent Systems . Wuhan, China : IEEE , 2012 : 209 - 212 .

尹安东 , 赵韩 . 基于混合系统理论的混合动力城市客车控制策略研究 [J ] . 汽车工程 , 2010 , 32 ( 2 ): 98 - 102 .

YIN A D , ZHAO H . A study on the energy control strategy for hybrid electric bus based on hybrid system theory [J ] . Automotive Engineering , 2010 , 32 ( 2 ): 98 - 102 . (in Chinese)