CROUCH I G . Body armour-new materials, new systems [J ] . Defence Technology , 2019 , 15 ( 3 ): 241 - 253 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.02.002 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.02.002 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214914718305932 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214914718305932

余毅磊 , 蒋招绣 , 王晓东 , 等 . 背板对氧化铝陶瓷薄板断裂锥形态的影响 [J ] . 北京理工大学学报 , 2021 , 41 ( 7 ): 713 - 720 .

YU Y L , JIANG Z X , WANG X D , et al . Effect of backing plate condition on fracture cone shape of alumina ceramic thin tiles [J ] . Transaction of Beijing Institute of Technology , 2021 , 41 ( 7 ): 713 - 720 . (in Chinese)

WILKINS M L , CLINE C F , HONODEL C A . Fourth progress report of light armor program [R ] . Livermore,CA , US : California University , Livermore . Lawrence Radiation Lab., 1969 .

WILKINS M L . Mechanics of penetration and perforation [J ] . International Journal of Engineering Science , 1978 , 16 ( 11 ): 793 - 807 . DOI: 10.1016/0020-7225(78)90066-6 http://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(78)90066-6 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0020722578900666 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0020722578900666

HEDAYATI E , VAHEDI M . Numerical investigation of penetration in ceramic/aluminum targets using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and presenting a modified analytical model [J ] . Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences , 2017 , 113 ( 3 ): 295 - 323 .

ÜBEYLI M , YILDIRIM R O , ÖGEL B . Investigation on the ballistic behavior of Al2O3/Al2024 laminated composites [J ] . Journal of Materials Processing Technology , 2008 , 196 ( 1/2/3 ): 356 - 364 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.050 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.050 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924013607005754 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924013607005754

KRELL A , STRASSBRUGER E . Order of influences on the ballistic resistance of armor ceramics and single crystals [J ] . Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2014 , 597 : 422 - 430 . DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.12.101 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.12.101 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921509314000069 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921509314000069

YIN Z B , YUAN J T , CHEN M D , et al . Mechanical property and ballistic resistance of graphene platelets/B4C ceramic armor prepared by spark plasma sintering [J ] . Ceramics International , 2019 , 45 ( 17 ): 23781 - 23787 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.095 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.095 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272884219322928 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272884219322928

CUI F K , WU G Q , MA T , et al . Effect of ceramic properties and depth-of-penetration test parameters on the ballistic performance of armour ceramics [J ] . Defence Science Journal , 2017 , 67 ( 3 ): 260 - 268 . DOI: 10.14429/dsj.67.10664 http://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.10664 http://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/view/10664 http://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/view/10664 <p>Through an analysis on the relationship among ceramic properties, the depth of penetration (DOP) test parameters and the ballistic performance of armour ceramics based on literatures, the effects of ceramic type, tile thickness and projectile velocity on the ballistic performance of different kinds of ceramics were investigated systematically. The results show that the ballistic performance of different armour ceramics mainly depends on its density, and by using thin ceramic tiles or under high velocity impact, the ceramic composite armour could not provide effective ballistic protection. Furthermore, the differences in the ballistic performance of armour ceramic are found due to the different ballistic performance criteria and DOP test conditions. Additionally, the slope of the depth of penetration (not include tile thickness) (Pa) versus tile thickness has negative correlation with flexural strength of ceramics, indicating the flexural strength can be one of the criteria to evaluate the performance of armour ceramics.</p>

LIU J , WU C Q , LI J , et al . Ceramic balls protected ultra-high performance concrete structure against projectile impact-a numerical study [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2019 , 125 : 143 - 162 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.11.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.11.006 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X18305888 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X18305888

孙素杰 , 赵宝荣 , 王军 , 等 . 不同背板对陶瓷复合装甲抗弹性能影响的研究 [J ] . 兵器材料科学与工程 , 2006 , 29 ( 2 ): 70 - 72 .

SUN S J , ZHAO B R , WANG J , et al . Study on the penetration performance of ceramic armors with different backing plate [J ] . Ordnance Material Science and Engineering , 2006 , 29 ( 2 ): 70 - 72 . (in Chinese)

GUO G D , ALAM S , PEEL L D . An investigation of deformation and failure mechanisms of fiber-reinforced composites in layered composite armor [J ] . Composite Structures , 2022 , 281 : 115125 . DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115125 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115125 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822321015439 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822321015439

NGUYEN L H , RYAN S , CIMPOERU S J , et al . The effect of target thickness on the ballistic performance of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene composite [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2015 , 75 : 174 - 183 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.008 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.008 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X14001547 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X14001547

KACAN Y O , ELALDI F . Ballistic performance of unidirectionally oriented carbon fiber reinforced composite armor with high-velocity impact [J ] . Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites , 2020 , 39 ( 19/20 ): 733 - 741 . DOI: 10.1177/0731684420929084 http://doi.org/10.1177/0731684420929084 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0731684420929084 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0731684420929084 For the last few decades, composite materials have been more popular than other conventional metal materials in the aircraft industry. Having better mechanical properties (strength, fatigue life, impact strength, corrosion resistance, etc.) and being lighter than conventional engineering materials, composites have become very important in defense industry as well. In spite of the fact that some of the composite materials such as aramid-based composites have been effectively used in body protection, they have not been so successful in heavy armored vehicles which are generally equipped with different types of add-on armor blocks for protecting against threats. These add-on armors are mostly composed of armor steels and ceramics. This study specifically aims to investigate high-velocity impact behavior of unidirectionally oriented carbon fiber reinforced/epoxy layer sandwiched with armor steel plates that are exposed to kinetic energy projectile. Carbon fibers are normally very brittle to transverse loading direction, contrarily, to its axial tension or compression direction. This is the reason why it is claimed that this high compression strength property of carbon fibers could be used for manufacturing a layer in order to replace ceramics in add-on multilayer composite armor. In order to prove this hypothesis, an experimental analysis has been carried out by performing impact tests on these manufactured add-on armor test samples. Testing was carried out in accordance with the STANAG 4569 level-4 standard. The results indicated that the multilayer carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite–armor steel hybrid panels can provide level-4 protection with a lower areal density compared to Rolled Homogenous Armor.

BANDARU A K , CHAVAN V V , AHMAD S , et al . Ballistic impact response of Kevlar reinforced thermoplastic composite armors [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2016 , 89 : 1 - 13 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.10.014 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.10.014 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X15002201 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X15002201

PHOENIX S L , YAVUZ A K , PORWAL P K . New interference approach for ballistic impact into stacked flexible composite body armor [J ] . AIAA Journal , 2010 , 48 ( 2 ): 490 - 501 . DOI: 10.2514/1.45362 http://doi.org/10.2514/1.45362 https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.45362 https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.45362

ZHANG R , HAN B , ZHONG J Y , et al . Enhanced ballistic resistance of multilayered cross-ply UHMWPE laminated plates [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2022 , 159 : 104035 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.104035 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.104035 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X21002220 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X21002220

MO G L , MA Q W , JIN Y X , et al . Delamination process in cross-ply UHMWPE laminates under ballistic penetration [J ] . Defence Technology , 2021 , 17 ( 1 ): 278 - 286 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.05.001 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.05.001 Cross-ply unidirectional laminates made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers are widely used as components of bullet-proof vests. To simulate the delamination process of the material under penetration, we constructed a numerical mechanical model, which was validated by tests using 7.62 × 39 mm rifle bullets penetrating laminates of different thicknesses. The results show that the delamination region is essentially diamond-shaped. The simulated delamination region is in good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the delamination region increases with the compression modulus along the fiber direction. The delamination region increases when the shear strength between the fabric layers decreases; However, it is little influenced by the normal strength. The delamination region of the front face of the laminate is little influenced by the failure strain of the material and the initial velocity of the bullet. The delamination region of the back face increases with the failure strain and decreases with the initial velocity. © 2020 The Authors

KARTHIKEYAN K , RUSSELL B P , FLECK N A , et al . The effect of shear strength on the ballistic response of laminated composite plates [J ] . European Journal of Mechanics-A/Solids , 2013 , 42 : 35 - 53 . DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2013.04.002 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2013.04.002 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0997753813000454 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0997753813000454

NGUYEN L H , RYAN S , CIMPOERU S J , et al . The efficiency of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composite against fragment impact [J ] . Experimental Mechanics , 2016 , 56 : 595 - 605 . DOI: 10.1007/s11340-015-0051-z http://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0051-z http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11340-015-0051-z http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11340-015-0051-z

GAO Y , FENG X Y , LIU J X , et al . Design and ballistic penetration of “SiC/Ti6Al4V/UHMWPE” composite armor [C ] // Proceedings of IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering . UK : IOP Publishing , 2019 , 563 ( 4 ): 042043 .

SHANMUGAM L , KAZEMI M E , RAO Z , et al . On the metal thermoplastic composite interface of Ti alloy/UHMWPE-Elium laminates [J ] . Composites Part B: Engineering , 2020 , 181 : 107578 . DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107578 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107578 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359836819337862 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359836819337862

AKELLA K , NAIK N K . Composite armour-a review [J ] . Journal of the Indian Institute of Science , 2015 , 95 ( 3 ): 297 - 312 .

RAHBEK D B , JOHNSEN B B . Fragmentation of an armour piercing projectile after impact on composite covered alumina tiles [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2019 , 133 : 103332 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.103332 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.103332 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X18311126 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X18311126

CHEN Y L , HUANG W K , YEH J N . Theoretical analysis of bulletproof capability of multilayer ceramic composites subjected to impact by an armor piercing projectile [J ] . Advances in Materials Science and Engineering , 2021 , 2021 : 1 - 13 .

余毅磊 , 王晓东 , 任文科 , 等 . 陶瓷/金属复合靶受12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻时弹靶破碎特征 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2307 - 2317 .

YU Y L , WANG X D , REN W K , et al . Fragmentation characteristics of 12.7 mm armor piercing incendiary and ceramic/metal composite targets during ballistic penetration [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2307 - 2317 . (in Chinese)

余毅磊 , 蒋招绣 , 王晓东 , 等 . 轻型陶瓷/金属复合装甲抗垂直侵彻过程中陶瓷碎裂行为研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2021 , 41 ( 11 ): 82 - 91 .

YU Y L , JIANG Z X , WANG X D , et al . Research on ceramic fragmentation behavior of lightweight ceramic/metal composite armor during vertical penetration [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2021 , 41 ( 11 ): 82 - 91 . (in Chinese)

DI BENEDETTO G , MATTEIS P , SCAVINO G . Impact behavior and ballistic efficiency of armor-piercing projectiles with tool steel cores [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2018 , 115 : 10 - 18 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.12.021 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.12.021 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X17304141 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X17304141

SAVIO S G , SENTHIL P , SINGH V , et al . An experimental study on the projectile defeat mechanism of hard steel projectile against boron carbide tiles [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2015 , 86 : 157 - 166 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.07.011 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.07.011 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X15001669 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X15001669

HOGAN J D , FARBANIEC L , MALLICK D , et al . Fragmentation of an advanced ceramic under ballistic impact: Mechanisms and microstructure [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2017 , 102 : 47 - 54 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.12.008 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.12.008 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X16305401 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X16305401

ZAERA R . Ballistic impacts on polymer matrix composites, composite armor,personal armor [M ] . Vienna, Austria : Springer , 2011 .

TRACY C , SLAVIN M , VIECHNICKI D . Ceramic fracture during ballistic impact [J ] . Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics Westerville , 1988 , 22 : 295 - 306 .

MEYER JR H W , ABELN T , BINGERT S , et al . Crack behavior of ballistically impacted ceramic [C ] // Proceedings of AIP Conference. Washington,D.C. , US : American Institute of Physics , 2000 , 505 ( 1 ): 1109 - 1112 .

侯海量 , 朱锡 , 李伟 . 轻型陶瓷/金属复合装甲抗弹机理研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2013 , 34 ( 1 ): 105 - 114 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2013.01.019 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2013.01.019 为探讨轻型陶瓷复合装甲抗弹机理，采用弹道冲击试验研究了高速破片冲击下轻型陶瓷/金属复合装甲的冲击响应，对弹体、陶瓷面板及金属背板的破坏现象进行了物理描述和唯象分析，指出了陶瓷面板和金属背板的破坏模式，分析了陶瓷/金属复合装甲的弹道吸能机理及抗弹性能。结果表明，锥形碎裂是陶瓷面板的主要破坏模式，其宏观裂纹主要有：径向、环向及与初始表面法线方向约65°夹角向外扩展的锥形裂纹；此外还会形成与背表面法线间的夹角约为65°的倒锥形断裂面。背板的变形范围、破坏程度及破坏模式均与船用钢靶板有较大区别，当弹速低于靶板弹道极限时，背板变形模式为隆起-碟型变形，当弹速大于靶板弹道极限时，随着陶瓷面板相对厚度的增加，金属背板的破坏失效模式有：剪切冲塞失效、碟型变形-剪切-花瓣型失效、碟型变形-花瓣型失效；弹体动能主要耗散在弹体和背板的破坏与变形；弹道极限速度附近，弹体和金属背板破坏吸能量会由于陶瓷面板的相对厚度不同而不同，但他们的总吸能量可占弹体初始冲击动能的90%以上，而陶瓷面板碎裂及反冲击方向喷射的动能小于弹体初始冲击动能的10%。

HOU H L , ZHU X , LI W . Investigation on bullet proof mechanism of light ceramic/steel composite armor [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2013 , 34 ( 1 ): 105 - 114 . (in Chinese)

JIUSTI J , KAMMER E H , NECKEL L , et al . Ballistic performance of Al 2 O 3 mosaic armors with gap-filling materials [J ] . Ceramics International , 2017 , 43 ( 2 ): 2697 - 2704 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.11.087 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.11.087 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272884216320892 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272884216320892

GOEL R , KULKARNI M D , PANDYA K S , et al . Stress wave micro-macro attenuation in ceramic plates made of tiles during ballistic impact [J ] . International Journal of Mechanical Sciences , 2014 , 83 : 30 - 37 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.03.020 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.03.020 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020740314001076 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020740314001076

张铁纯 , 王陆军 , 胡昂 , 等 . 弹体撞击角度对TC4薄板抗半球形弹冲击性能影响 [J ] . 机械强度 , 2021 , 43 ( 3 ): 546 - 553 . DOI: 10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2021.03.006 http://doi.org/10.16579/j.issn.1001.9669.2021.03.006 为研究TC4钛合金薄板在弹体以不同角度撞击下的抗冲击性能，利用轻气炮系统进行半球形弹高速正撞击TC4钛合金薄板的试验研究，得到了TC4钛合金的损伤模式和弹道极限速度。基于试验工况，利用Abaqus仿真软件进行仿真模型和材料参数的有效性验证，并进一步分析弹体撞击角度对TC4钛合金抗冲击性能的影响。研究结果表明：TC4钛合金薄板受半球形弹正撞击后，主要发生由拉剪和延性扩孔造成的花瓣形失效；TC4钛合金薄板存在一个最易穿透角，在这个倾角下，弹体最易穿透靶板；靶板的抗冲击性能与靶板的失效模式密切相关，TC4钛合金薄板在半球形弹以不同角度撞击下具有不同的失效模式。

ZHANG T C , WANG L J , HU A , et al . The effect of impact angle on the ballistic performance of TC4 target against the impact of hemi-spherical projectile [J ] . Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 2021 , 43 ( 3 ): 546 - 553 . (in Chinese)

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HEARLE J W S , LOMAS B , COOKE W D . Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles [M ] . 2nd edit . Amsteldam,the Netherlands : Elsevier , 1998 .

WANG L , ZHENG C X , LUO H Y , et al . Continuum damage modeling and progressive failure analysis of carbon fiber/epoxy composite pressure vessel [J ] . Composite Structures , 2015 , 134 : 475 - 482 . DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.107 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.107 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026382231500803X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026382231500803X