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郭琦 , 李兆庆 . 国外脉冲爆震发动机技术研究 [J ] . 燃气涡轮试验与研究 , 2005 , 18 ( 3 ): 59 - 62 .

GUO Q , LI Z Q . Review of research on pulsed detonation engines [J ] . Gas Turbine Experiment and Research , 2005 , 18 ( 3 ): 59 - 62 . (in Chinese)

HUANG X L , LI N , WENG C S . Physical characteristics of detonation noise from multi-tube pulse detonation engine [J ] . Chinese Journal of Acoustics , 2021 , 40 ( 3 ): 378 - 388 .

ANAND V , GLASER A , GUTMARK E . Acoustic characterization of pulse detonation combustors [J ] . AIAA Journal , 2018 , 56 ( 7 ): 2806 - 2815 . DOI: 10.2514/1.J056204 http://doi.org/10.2514/1.J056204 https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.J056204 https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.J056204

XU G Y , WANG C G , ZHU Y F , et al . Study on influence of dimeter on detonation acoustics characteristics of pulse detonation engine [J/OL ] . International Journal of Turbo & Jet Engines , 2020 [ 2021-07-02 ] . https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjj-2020-0003/html. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjj-2020-0003/html https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjj-2020-0003/html

XU G Y , LI B X , LI H Y , et al . Effect of equivalence ratio on the detonation noise characteristics of pulse detonation engine [J/OL ] . International Journal of Turbo & Jet Engines , 2021 [ 2021-06-04 ] .https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjeng-2021-0016/html. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjeng-2021-0016/html https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjeng-2021-0016/html

HUANG X L , LI N , KANG Y , et al . Analysis on impulse characteristics of pulse detonation engine with nozzles [J/OL ] . International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines , 2021 [ 2021-10-07 ] .https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjeng-2021-0050/html. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjeng-2021-0050/html https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjeng-2021-0050/html

黄孝龙 , 许桂阳 , 翁春生 , 等 . 脉冲爆轰发动机爆轰噪声场区域划分及其数值模拟 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2015 , 36 ( 10 ): 1855 - 1860 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.10.005 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.10.005 为了探究脉冲爆轰发动机（PDE）爆轰噪声的传播机理，根据爆轰噪声不同的非线性强度，将PDE爆轰噪声传播区域划分成强非线性区、弱非线性区和线性区3个部分，并分别采用不同的方法对各部分所对应的3种不同控制方程进行求解。数值模拟结果表明：爆轰噪声峰值声压级在出口处迅速衰减，随着轴向距离的增加，衰减速度逐渐放缓；在强非线性区，衰减速度最大值可达33 dB/m；在弱非线性区，最小衰减速度为1.02 dB/m. 模拟结果对PDE爆轰噪声的传播特性研究具有参考价值。

HUANG X L , XU G Y , WENG C S , et al . The classification and numerical calculation of noise propagation outside pulse detonation engine [J ] . ActaArmamentarii , 2015 , 36 ( 10 ): 1855 - 1860 . (in Chinese)

KANG Y , LI N , WENG C S , et al . Acoustic characteristics of pulse detonation engine with ellipsoidal reflector [J ] . Chinese Physics B , 2018 , 27 ( 10 ): 104703 . DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/10/104703 http://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/27/10/104703 <p>Acoustic characteristics of a pulse detonation engine (PDE) with and without an ellipsoidal reflector are numerically and experimentally investigated. A two-dimensional (2D) non-splitting unstructured triangular mesh Euler solver based on the space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method is employed to simulate the flow field of a PDE. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the external flow field of the PDE. The effect of an ellipsoidal reflector on the flow field characteristic near the PDE exit is investigated. The formation process of reflected shock wave and reflected jet shock are reported in detail. An acoustic measurement system is established for the PDE acoustic testing. The experimental results show that the ellipsoidal reflector changes the sound waveform and directivity of PDE sound. The reflected shock wave and reflected jet shock result in two more positive pressure peaks in the sound waveform. The ellipsoidal reflector changes the directivity of PDE sound from 20&deg; to 0&deg;. It is found that the peak sound pressure level (PSPL) and overall sound pressure level (OASPL) each obtain an increment when the PDE is installed with a reflector. The maximum relative increase ratio of PSPL and OASPL are obtained at the focus point <em>F</em>₂, whose values are 6.1% and 6.84% respectively. The results of the duration of the PDE sound indicate that the reflecting and focusing wave generated by the reflector result in the increment of A duration and B duration before and near focus point <em>F</em>₂. Results show that the ellipsoidal reflector has a great influence on the acoustic characteristic of PDE sound. The research is helpful for understanding the influence of an ellipsoidal reflector on the formation and propagation process of PDE sound.</p>

康杨 , 李宁 , 黄孝龙 , 等 . 基于环形喷管的脉冲爆轰发动机爆轰声波声学特性 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 5 ): 1075 - 1082 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0241 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0241 喷管结构对爆轰发动机性能和爆轰声波声学特性具有重要的影响。为探究环形喷管作用下脉冲爆轰声波的声学特性，基于脉冲爆轰发动机搭建了自由空间内爆轰声波实验系统，针对环形喷管作用下爆轰声波时频域特性、声场指向性和持续时间等声学特性进行实验研究。结果表明：在该实验条件下，环形喷管改变了爆轰声波的能量分布，对爆轰声波的声学特性有重要的影响；环形喷管作用下的爆轰声波在0°方向的上升沿持续时间最长；90°方向上峰值声压最高，衰减速度最快，衰减幅度最大；爆轰声波呈现出明显的90°方向凸出的指向性；爆轰强声的A持续时间随着传播角度的增大而逐渐减小。

KANG Y , LI N , HUANG X L , et al . Acousticcharacteristics of pulse detonation engine with annular nozzle [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 5 ): 1075 - 1082 . (in Chinese)

HYUN J , KIM H A . Transient level-set topology optimization of a planar acoustic lens working with short-duration pulse [J ] . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 2021 , 149 ( 5 ): 3010 - 3026 . DOI: 10.1121/10.0004819 http://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004819 https://pubs.aip.org/jasa/article/149/5/3010/607500/Transient-level-set-topology-optimization-of-a https://pubs.aip.org/jasa/article/149/5/3010/607500/Transient-level-set-topology-optimization-of-a With the advance of additive manufacturing, many researchers are increasingly interested in planar acoustic lenses that are not only easier to fabricate than typical convex/concave lenses, but also have excellent imaging performance. However, the planar acoustic lenses reported so far cannot work for a short-duration pulse used in conventional imaging systems due to their inherent dispersive characteristics. This study addresses the challenge by devising a transient topology optimization formulation to design a planar acoustic lens that works effectively for a short-duration pulse. A planar lens consists of two materials where optimal combination and distribution are obtained with a crisp interface via the level-set method. Design is based on the transient acoustic responses, which are calculated from a time-dependent acoustic model solved by the Newmark method. The proposed method uses the area-fraction approach to compute the acoustic properties of a cut element by the interface. A localizing time-window function is introduced so that acoustic energy can be focused within the desired time range as much as possible. We obtain optimum design solutions designed with the proposed method and verify its effectiveness through the numerical investigations.

刘小龙 , 张群飞 , 雷开卓 . 水下强声源的多电极阵列聚束特性 [J ] . 高压物理学报 , 2017 , 31 ( 2 ): 175 - 181 .

LIU X L , ZHANG Q F , LEI K Z . Multi-Electrode array bunching characteristics of underwater intense sound source [J ] . Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics , 2017 , 31 ( 2 ): 175 - 181 . (in Chinese)

ZHOU Y , ZHONG P . The effect of reflector geometry on the acoustic field and bubble dynamics produced by an electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripter [J ] . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 2006 , 119 ( 6 ): 3625 - 3636 . DOI: 10.1121/1.2195074 http://doi.org/10.1121/1.2195074 https://pubs.aip.org/jasa/article/119/6/3625/543163/The-effect-of-reflector-geometry-on-the-acoustic https://pubs.aip.org/jasa/article/119/6/3625/543163/The-effect-of-reflector-geometry-on-the-acoustic A theoretical model for the propagation of shock wave from an axisymmetric reflector was developed by modifying the initial conditions for the conventional solution of a nonlinear parabolic wave equation (i.e., the Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznestsov equation). The ellipsoidal reflector of an HM-3 lithotripter is modeled equivalently as a self-focusing spherically distributed pressure source. The pressure wave form generated by the spark discharge of the HM-3 electrode was measured by a fiber optic probe hydrophone and used as source conditions in the numerical calculation. The simulated pressure wave forms, accounting for the effects of diffraction, nonlinearity, and thermoviscous absorption in wave propagation and focusing, were compared with the measured results and a reasonably good agreement was found. Furthermore, the primary characteristics in the pressure wave forms produced by different reflector geometries, such as that produced by a reflector insert, can also be predicted by this model. It is interesting to note that when the interpulse delay time calculated by linear geometric model is less than about 1.5μs, two pulses from the reflector insert and the uncovered bottom of the original HM-3 reflector will merge together. Coupling the simulated pressure wave form with the Gilmore model was carried out to evaluate the effect of reflector geometry on resultant bubble dynamics in a lithotripter field. Altogether, the equivalent reflector model was found to provide a useful tool for the prediction of pressure wave form generated in a lithotripter field. This model may be used to guide the design optimization of reflector geometries for improving the performance and safety of clinical lithotripters.

BOESCH H E , REIFF C G , BENWELL B T , et al . Experimental and theoretical considerations for tailoring acoustic pulses from multi-shocktubes sources [C ] //Proceedings of the 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit.Reno,NV,US:AIAA, 2000 : 0610 .

WANG G , ZHANG D L , LIU K X , et al . An improved CE/SE scheme for numerical simulation of gaseous and two-phase detonations [J ] . Computers & Fluids , 2010 , 39 ( 1 ): 168 - 177 . DOI: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2009.07.010 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2009.07.010 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004579300900111X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004579300900111X

LIN L , WENG C S , CHEN Q , et al . Study on the effects of ionization seeds on pulse detonation characteristics [J ] . Aerospace Science and Technology , 2017 , 71 : 128 - 135 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ast.2017.09.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.09.015 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1270963817311914 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1270963817311914

WANG F , WENG C S , WU Y W , et al . Effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on kerosene/air rotating detonation engines using a paralleling CE/SE method [J ] . Defence Technology , 2021 , 17 ( 6 ): 1805 - 1816 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.09.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.09.015 In this paper, the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines(RDE) are numerically investigated, and the emphasis is laid on the effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on the operation characteristics of RDE including the initiation, instabilities, and propulsive performance. A hybrid MPI + OpenMP parallel computing model is applied and it is proved to be able to obtain a more effective parallel performance on high performance computing(HPC) systems. A series of cases with the total pressure of 1 MPa, 1.5 MPa, 2 MPa, and the equivalence ratio of 0.9, 1, 1.4 are simulated. On one hand, the total pressure shows a significant impact on the instabilities of rotating detonation waves. The instability phenomenon is observed in cases with low total pressure (1 MPa) and weakened with the increase of the total pressure. The total pressure has a small impact on the detonation wave velocity and the specific impulse. On the other hand, the equivalence ratio shows a negligible influence on the instabilities, while it affects the ignition process and accounts for the detonation velocity deficit. It is more difficult to initiate rotating detonation waves directly in the lean fuel operation condition. Little difference was observed in the thrust with different equivalence ratios of 0.9, 1, and 1.4. The highest specific impulse was obtained in the lean fuel cases, which is around 2700 s. The findings could provide insights into the understanding of the operation characteristics of kerosene/air RDE. © 2020 The Authors

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