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WATT T , STEFANI F , CRAWFORD M , et al . Investigation of damage to solid-armature railguns at startup [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 2007 , 43 ( 1 ): 214 - 218 . DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2006.887432 http://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2006.887432 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4033126/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4033126/

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ZIELINSKI A , WATT T , MOTES D . Disrupting armature ejecta and its effects on rail damage in solid-armature railguns [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2011 , 39 ( 3 ): 941 - 946 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2010.2099241 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2010.2099241 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5692844/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5692844/

张保玉 , 黄伟 , 陈子明 , 等 . 高速滑动电接触下轨道槽蚀损伤问题研究 [J ] . 兵器材料科学与工程 , 2015 , 38 ( 3 ): 140 - 143 .

ZHANG B Y , HUANG W , CHEN Z M , et al . Grooving damage of rails under high-velocity sliding electrical contact [J ] . Ordnance Material Science and Engineering , 2015 , 38 ( 3 ): 140 - 143 . (in Chinese)

张倩 , 朱仁贵 , 李治源 , 等 . 金属材料的超高速刨削研究进展 [J ] . 兵器材料科学与工程 , 2013 , 36 ( 4 ): 97 - 103 .

ZHANG Q , ZHU R G , LI Z Y , et al . Research progress in hypervelocity gouging [J ] . Ordnance Material Science and Engineering , 2013 , 36 ( 4 ): 97 - 103 . (in Chinese)

CAMERON G , PALAZOTTO A . An evaluation of high velocity wear [J ] . Wear , 2008 , 265 ( 7 ): 1066 - 1075 . DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2008.02.013 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.02.013 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043164808000860 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043164808000860

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吴金国 . 电磁轨道炮枢轨结构动力学与超高速刨削研究 [D ] . 南京 : 南京理工大学 , 2018 .

WU J G . Study on the armature-rail structure dynamics and hypervelocity gouging of electromagnetic railgun [D ] . Nanjing : Nanjing University of Science & Technology , 2018 . (in Chinese)

吴金国 , 林庆华 , 弯港 , 等 . 基于物质点法的轨道炮刨削机理三维数值研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2017 , 37 ( 2 ): 307 - 314 .

WU J G , LIN Q H , WAN G , et al . 3D numerical research of railgun gouging mechanism based on material point method [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2017 , 37 ( 2 ): 307 - 314 . (in Chinese)

杨丹 , 袁伟群 , 赵莹 , 等 . 电磁轨道发射器结构刚度系数与刨削形成 [J ] . 电工电能新技术 , 2014 , 33 ( 3 ): 48 - 52 .

YANG D , YUAN W Q , ZHAO Y , et al . Uniformity of stiffness coefficient of electromagnetic railgun and formation of gouge [J ] . Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy , 2014 , 33 ( 3 ): 48 - 52 . (in Chinese) Surface erosion and gouging are two defects in the electromagnetic launcher, in which gouging is the main. During the electromagnetic launch, when the armature reaches a certain speed, there will be gouge on the rail. Once gouging happens, it will affect the launch speed of the transmitter. If seriously, the rail must be abandoned. So, the avoiding of gouging helps to improve the life of the electromagnetic launcher. This paper simulates a small square-bore launcher using ANSYS. Then the deformation and stiffness coefficient of rails under different armature pressure are acquired, and the positions of gouge on rails made by different materials are studied. It is found that stiffness coefficient of the rail of the experimental electromagnetic launchers distributes unevenly, which is one of the reason why gouging is formed. According to this study, the optimization of the system structure is one of the means to control and inhibit gouging, which provides a positive reference for the system designing of the electromagnetic launcher.

刘峰 , 赵丽曼 , 张晖辉 , 等 . 电磁轨道炮刨削的形成机理及仿真分析 [J ] . 高压物理学报 , 2015 , 29 ( 3 ): 199 - 205 .

LIU F , ZHAO L M , ZHANG H H , et al . Formation mechanism and simulation analysis of railgun gouging [J ] . Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics , 2015 , 29 ( 3 ): 199 - 205 . (in Chinese)

ZHU R G , ZHANG Q , LI Z Y , et al . Impact physics model and influencing factors of gouging for electromagnetic rail launcher [C ] //Proceedings of the 2014 17th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology. La Jolla, CA , US : IEEE , 2014 : 1 - 6 .

WATT T J , CLAY C E , BASSETT P M , et al . The effect of surface indentations on gouging in railguns [J ] . Wear , 2014 , 310 ( 1/2 ): 41 - 50 . DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2013.12.017 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.12.017 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043164813006133 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043164813006133

JIN L W , ZHANG Q , LEI B , et al . Simulation and research on 3D gouging model based on Abaqus/Explicit [C ] // Proceedings of the 2012 16th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology . Beijing, China : IEEE , 2012 : 1 - 5 .

刘贵民 , 杨忠须 , 闫涛 , 等 . 电磁轨道炮导轨失效研究现状及展望 [J ] . 材料导报 , 2015 , 29 ( 7 ): 63 - 70 .

YANG G M , YANG Z X , YAN T , et al . Current status and prospect on rail failures of electromagnetic railgun [J ] . Materials Reports , 2015 , 29 ( 7 ): 63 - 70 . (in Chinese)

LI S Z , CAO R G , ZHOU Y , et al . Performance analysis of electromagnetic railgun launch system based on multiple experimental data [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2019 , 47 ( 1 ): 524 - 534 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2018.2883285 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2018.2883285 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8573156/ https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8573156/

王志恒 , 万敏 , 李小将 . 轨道炮电枢电动力转捩形成机理与仿真分析 [J ] . 系统仿真学报 , 2018 , 30 ( 3 ): 1090 - 1095 . DOI: 10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.201803040 http://doi.org/10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.201803040 轨道炮电枢转捩引起轨道烧蚀和发射参数变化,是制约轨道炮性能提升的关键问题之一。分析了电流下降段轨道炮电枢电动力转捩形成机理,给出了电枢转捩判断模型和电磁场参数计算模型,采用有限元软件ANSYS Workbench对电枢转捩形成过程进行了仿真分析,仿真了该过程中的电流、电磁力分布以及电磁力引起的电枢形变情况,分析了电流下降率对电枢转捩的影响。仿真分析结果表明：电流下降段电枢内部会感应出涡流,涡流可能引起电枢尾部区域电磁力改变方向,甚至电枢尾部形变,进而导致电枢转捩发生;电流下降率越大则电枢受到的反向电磁力越大,电枢转捩越容易发生。

WANG Z H , WAN M , LI X J . Formation mechanism and simulation analysis of railgun armature electromagnetic transition [J ] . Journal of System Simulation , 2018 , 30 ( 3 ): 1090 - 1095 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.201803040 http://doi.org/10.16182/j.issn1004731x.joss.201803040 Armature transition of railgun causes rails erosion and change of launching parameters, which is one of the key problems restricting the performance of railgun. The formation mechanism of armature transition at the down-slope of driving current is analyzed. <em>The armature transition estimation model and electromagnetic parameters calculation model are given. The formation process of armature transition at the down-slope of driving current is simulated by AYNSYS Workbench. The current and magnetic field distribution are simulated, so as the armature deformation caused by the armature electromagnetic force. The effect of current dropping rate on armature transition is analyzed</em>. The simulation and analysis result show that, the eddy current at current down-slope may lead to change the direction of electromagnetic force in armature tail, even the deformation of armature tail, which leads to the armature transition. The reverse electromagnetic force in armature tail increases with the increasing of the driving current dropping rate. As a result, the armature transition occurs more easily.

STEFANI F , LEVINSON S , SATAPATHY S , et al . Electrodynamic transition in solid armature railguns [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 2001 , 37 ( 1 ): 101 - 105 . DOI: 10.1109/20.911800 http://doi.org/10.1109/20.911800 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/911800/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/911800/

BARBER J P , BAUER D P , JAMISON K , et al . A survey of armature transition mechanisms [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 2003 , 39 ( 1 ): 47 - 51 . DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2002.805913 http://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2002.805913 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1179721/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1179721/

曹海要 , 战再吉 . 铜/金刚石复合材料电磁轨道烧蚀特性的实验研究 [J ] . 高压物理学报 , 2016 , 30 ( 4 ): 317 - 322 .

CAO H Y , ZHAN Z J . Experimental study of Cu/diamond composite electromagnetic rail ablation characteristics [J ] . Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics , 2016 , 30 ( 4 ): 317 - 322 . (in Chinese)

GAO X , LIU F , FENG Y , et al . Wear characteristics of rail-armature under the action of interference fit and lorentz force [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2020 , 48 ( 6 ): 2261 - 2265 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.27 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.27 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=27 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=27

WATT T , STEFANI F . The effect of current and speed on perimeter erosion in recovered armatures [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 2005 , 41 ( 1 ): 448 - 452 . DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.838756 http://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2004.838756 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1381587/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1381587/

DUTTA I , DELANEY L , CLEVELAND B , et al . Electric-current-induced liquid Al deposition, reaction, and flow on Cu rails at rail-armature contacts in railguns [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 2009 , 45 ( 1 ): 272 - 277 . DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2008.2008562 http://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2008.2008562 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4773565/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4773565/

CLIFFORD P D , II W B M . Experimental observations and analysis of armatures and rails in a small railgun [C ] //Proceedings of the 2008 14th Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology.Victoria, BC,Canada:IEEE, 2008 : 1 - 6 .

黄伟 , 杨黎明 , 史戈宁 , 等 . 电磁发射条件下CuCrZr合金材料轨道损伤行为研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2020 , 41 ( 5 ): 858 - 864 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.05.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.05.004 通过电磁发射试验研究CuCrZr合金（C18150铜合金）材料的轨道损伤行为。试验以C18150铜合金作为轨道材料，7075铝合金作为电枢材料。对完成发射试验后的轨道材料进行宏观观察和二维表面轮廓、三维表面轮廓测量及分析。研究结果表明：随电枢速度的增加，轨道表面横向起伏的峰谷间距呈先增加、后降低的趋势；沿电枢运动方向，轨道表面起伏程度随着电枢速度增加呈下降趋势，当电枢速度达到极值处于匀速运动后，轨道表面起伏近乎为0 μm；轨道损伤在不同阶段呈现不规则现象，起始阶段时轨道损伤表现出明显热损伤，加速阶段时表现出强烈的摩擦磨损特征和一定的热熔效应，高速阶段时轨道损伤以机械磨损为主，表现出光滑的摩擦界面和局部的塑性变形。

HUANG W , YANG L M , SHI G N , et al . Damage behavior of CuCrZr alloy rail during electromagnetic launching [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2020 , 41 ( 5 ): 858 - 864 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.05.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.05.004 The damage behavior of CuCrZr alloy (C18150 alloy) rail is studied through electromagnetic launching test, in which C18150 alloy is used as rail material and 7075 aluminum alloy as armature material. After launching test, the rail material was macroscopically observed, and the 2D and 3D surface profiles were analyzed. The results show that, with the increase in armature velocity, the peak-valley spacing of surface fluctuation increases first and then decreases in the transverse direction. The degree of surface fluctuation decreases with the increase in armature velocity along the direction of armature motion. When the armature velocity reaches its maximum, the rail surface fluctuation is nearly 0 μm. Rail damage presents irregular phenomena in different stages: in the initial stage, the rail damage shows obvious heat damage; in the acceleration stage, it shows strong friction and wear characteristics, and certain melting effect; in the high-speed stage, the rail damage is mainly caused by mechanical wear, showing smooth friction interface and local plastic deformation. Key

王振春 , 鲍志勇 , 曹海要 , 等 . 增强型电磁轨道炮电枢轨道接触特性研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 3 ): 451 - 456 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.03.005 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.03.005 为研究增强型电磁轨道炮电枢轨道接触特性，通过实际发射试验得到炮口电压、轨道电流、电枢速度和位移等数据以及发射器机械结构的实际参数。在分析电枢在膛内运动过程的基础上，建立了接触电阻与炮口电压、轨道电流、电枢速度、电枢位移等物理量之间的数学模型。进一步分析了在互感系数不同情况下电枢的接触电阻变化规律。将该变化曲线与试验轨道三维建模模型损伤图形和实际发射试验后轨道图像进行比较，发现轨道烧蚀和摩擦损伤情况随着电枢位移和接触电阻变化呈现烧损、滑动和磨损等典型特征，为预测轨道损伤提供了参考依据。

WANG Z C , BAO Z Y , CAO H Y , et al . Research on contact characteristics of armature and rail in augmented electromagnetic railgun [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2018 , 39 ( 3 ): 451 - 456 . (in Chinese)

惠阳 , 刘贵民 , 闫涛 , 等 . 载流摩擦磨损研究现状及展望 [J ] . 材料导报 , 2019 , 33 ( 13 ): 2272 - 2280 .

HUI Y , LIU G M , YAN T , et al . Research status and prospect of current-carrying friction and wear [J ] . Material Reports , 2019 , 33 ( 13 ): 2272 - 2280 . (in Chinese)

JOHNSON M , COTE P , CAMPO F , et al . Railgun erosion simulator [C ] //Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference.Monterey, CA,US:IEEE, 2005 : 245 - 248 .

BAUER D P , JUSTON J M . Rapid testing for multishot railgun bore life [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 1997 , 33 ( 1 ): 390 - 394 . DOI: 10.1109/20.560043 http://doi.org/10.1109/20.560043 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/560043/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/560043/

冯登 , 夏胜国 , 陈立学 , 等 . 轨道电磁发射装置中电枢装配接触压力分布的不均匀特性 [J ] . 高电压技术 , 2015 , 41 ( 6 ): 1873 - 1878 .

FENG D , XIA S G , CHEN L X , et al . Non-uniformity of contact pressure distribution in armature assembly for railguns [J ] . High Voltage Engineering , 2015 , 41 ( 6 ): 1873 - 1878 . (in Chinese)

CHEN L X , HE J J , XIA S G , et al . Some key parameters of different caliber solid-armature railgun related to linear current density [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2017 , 45 ( 7 ): 1134 - 1138 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2017.2697416 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2017.2697416 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7936511/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7936511/

FENG D , HE J J , XIA S G , et al . Investigations of the armature-rail contact pressure distribution in a railgun [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2015 , 43 ( 5 ): 1657 - 1662 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2418215 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2015.2418215 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7084163/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7084163/

WILD B , ALOUAHABI F , SIMICIC D , et al . A comparison of c-shaped and brush armature performance [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2017 , 45 ( 7 ): 1227 - 1233 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2017.2704117 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2017.2704117 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7937873/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7937873/

冯建源 , 安韵竹 , 赵文龙 , 等 . 轨道炮枢轨初始接触特性研究 [J ] . 兵器装备工程学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 10 ): 54 - 58 .

FENG J Y , AN Y Z , ZHAO W L , et al . Research on armature and rail's initial contact characteristics of railguns [J ] . Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering , 2019 , 40 ( 10 ): 54 - 58 . (in Chinese)

范薇 , 苏子舟 , 范天峰 , 等 . C形一体电枢的结构设计及接触压力分析 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 10 ): 1969 - 1976 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.10.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.10.001 轨道起始段良好的电接触性能是确保轨道炮正常发射的必要条件。为增强起始段枢轨电接触性能，从枢轨接触面和接触压力两方面对C形一体电枢结构进行优化设计。利用高频涡流仿真方法计算分析接触面对电枢电磁特性的影响，获得电枢电流密度以及电磁受力曲线，通过对比分析获得最优枢轨接触面大小与位置。为避免电枢在起始运动中出现接触失效问题，对传统接触压力设计方法&ldquo;安克法则（1 g/1 A）&rdquo;进行修正优化，形成&ldquo;安克法则&rdquo;瞬态应用方法，有效地模拟接触压力瞬态变化特性。应用该方法计算不同接触面的枢轨接触压力，获得的接触压力曲线均在某临界直线如&ldquo;1 g/1 A&rdquo;曲线之上，结果表明枢轨接触良好。基于&ldquo;安克法则&rdquo;瞬态应用方法设计的电枢在最优接触面下进行5发试验，实现了较好的起始段电接触性能。以上结论可供未来电枢设计时参考。

FAN W , SU Z Z , FAN T F , et al . Geometry design and contact force analysis of c-shaped monolithic armature [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 10 ): 1969 - 1976 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.10.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.10.001 <p>The proper electrical contact performance in the initial section of rail is the necessary condition to ensure the normal firing of railgun. In order to enhance the electrical contact performance, an optimal design of C-shaped monolithic armature structure is proposed from two aspects of contact surface and contact pressure. The influence of contact surface on the electromagnetic characteristics of armature is analyzed to obtain the current density and electromagnetic force curves by using high frequency eddy current simulation method. The optimum size and position of contact surface are obtained through comparison and analysis. In order to avoid the contact failure during initial motion, the traditional contact pressure design method (&ldquo;1 g/1 A&rdquo;) was modified and optimized to form a transient application method of &ldquo;1 g/1 A&rdquo;. The proposed method can be used to simulate the transient characteristics of contact pressure effectively. The proposed method is applied to calculate the contact forces on the different contact surfaces during the initial stage of launching. The calculated results show that the contact force curves of armature and rail are all above the equivalent&ldquo;1 g/1 A&rdquo; force curve, which proves that the method can ensure a proper contact between armature and rail. The armature designed by using the transient application method of &ldquo;1 g/1 A&rdquo; was tested under the optimal contact surface, in which the better electrical contact in the initial section of rail was achived. Key</p>

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