To address the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) path planning problem in complex multi-threat environments

a solution approach based on the modified marine predators algorithm (MMPA) is proposed. Firstly

a multi-objective optimization model is constructed

comprehensively considering UAV flight optimality and safety. This model is then converted into a single-objective optimization problem using the weighted sum approach. Secondly

within the standard marine predators algorithm (MPA) framework

four innovative mechanisms are incorporated: novel adaptive parameters

nonlinear inertia weight

Cauchy distribution-based random number generation

and an enhanced position update rule. These mechanisms effectively improve the algorithm's convergence speed and solution accuracy. Finally

through performance evaluation on 15 benchmark functions

four simulation scenarios of varying complexity

and real-world validation experiments

the superiority and robustness of MMPA in solving practical problems have been adequately demonstrated.