Mechanical Response and Injury Analysis of Non-Lethal Kinetic Projectile Impact on the Head

Qu Zhixue; Li Tao; Luo Xian; Yang Da; Chen Taiwei; Wang Song; Cai Zhihua

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2026.0174

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Mechanical Response and Injury Analysis of Non-Lethal Kinetic Projectile Impact on the Head

更新时间：2026-09-02

- Mechanical Response and Injury Analysis of Non-Lethal Kinetic Projectile Impact on the Head
- ACTA ARMAMENTARII Pages: 1-15(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.湖南科技大学三亚研究院，海南三亚 572024
  2.湖南科技大学机电工程学院，湖南湘潭411201
  3.武警工程大学装备管理与保障学院，西安 710086
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.12382/bgxb.2026.0174
  CLC：
- CSTR：XXXXX.XX.XXX.2026.0174
- Received：24 February 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-04-15，
  
  Accepted：13 May 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
Qu Zhixue, Li Tao, Luo Xian, et al. Mechanical Response and Injury Analysis of Non-Lethal Kinetic Projectile Impact on the Head[J/OL]. ACTA ARMAMENTARII, 2026, 1-15.
DOI：

Qu Zhixue, Li Tao, Luo Xian, et al. Mechanical Response and Injury Analysis of Non-Lethal Kinetic Projectile Impact on the Head[J/OL]. ACTA ARMAMENTARII, 2026, 1-15. DOI： 10.12382/bgxb.2026.0174. CSTR： XXXXX.XX.XXX.2026.0174.

摘要

非致命动能弹（Non-Lethal Kinetic Projectiles， NLKP）广泛应用于执法和公共安全行动，其冲击所导致的头部受伤风险仍不充分。本研究基于北约标准AEP-103，通过试验与数值模拟相结合的方法，系统揭示了非致命动能弹冲击头部的力学响应规律及损伤风险差异。首先，依据北约力墙试验方法对弹丸模型进行验证，结果表明试验与仿真的F-t曲线走势吻合较好且均与验证走廊保持较好一致性。；然后，开展假人头部物理模型冲击试验，获取枕大池最大瞬时颅内压（TICP），用于头部有限元模型的参数优化与可靠性验证，仿真与试验的最大误差均小于15%，且两者的TICP峰值均落在北约标准AEP-103验证走廊范围内，证明了该头部有限元模型的可靠与有效性。最后，对前额、颞部与顶部在不同冲击速度（60~80 m/s）进行数值模拟分析。研究结果表明：随着弹丸速度的提高，接触力、颅骨应力与颅骨内能、颅内压均显著提升且分布呈现明显的区域敏感性；颞部与顶部在60 m/s以上冲击时应力峰值已远超颅骨断裂阈值上限（50~100 MPa），达到严重颅骨损伤级别；而三种部位冲击点附近存在颅内瞬时高压，均远高于重度脑损伤的阈值235 kPa，而TICP峰值作为北约损伤风险评估的有效判据，其在60~70 m/s冲击工况中会造成人员出现颅内出血与昏迷，而在80 m/s冲击颞部与顶部时，颅脑损伤程度达到最高损伤风险等级，揭示了颞部与顶部为高风险损伤区域。进一步分析表明，不同部位损伤风险差异与局部颅骨承载能力、结构特征及颅腔内压力波传播机制密切相关。本研究可为非致命武器的安全使用边界界定、防护装备优化及伤害评估标准的完善提供了重要的理论依据与量化参考。

Abstract

Non-lethal kinetic projectile （NLKP） is widely used in law enforcement and public safety operations， yet the risk of head injury induced by their impact remains insufficiently understood. Based on the NATO standard AEP-103， this study combined experiments and numerical simulations to systematically investigate the mechanical response of the head and the associated injury risks under NLKP impact. First， the projectile model was validated using rigid-wall impact tests specified in AEP-103. The results showed that the experimental and simulated force–time （F–t） curves were in good agreement and both remained within the prescribed validation corridor. Subsequently， impact tests were conducted on a surrogate head model to obtain the peak transient intracranial pressure （TICP） in the cisterna magna， which was used to calibrate and validate the head finite element model. The maximum discrepancy between the simulated and experimental TICP peaks was less than 15%， and both sets of values fell within the AEP-103 validation corridor， demonstrating the reliability and effectiveness of the developed head model. Finally， numerical simulations were performed for frontal， temporal， and parietal impacts at velocities ranging from 60 to 80 m/s. The results indicated that contact force， skull stress， skull internal energy， and intracranial pressure all increased markedly with increasing projectile velocity and exhibited pronounced regional sensitivity. In particular， for impacts above 60 m/s， the peak skull stresses in the temporal and parietal regions exceeded the upper bound of the commonly used skull fracture threshold range （50~100 MPa）， indicating a severe risk of skull injury. Moreover， transient intracranial pressure near the impact site in all three regions was far higher than the severe brain injury threshold of 235 kPa. According to the TICP-based injury criteria defined in AEP-103， impacts at 60~70 m/s may lead to intracranial hemorrhage and coma， whereas impacts to the temporal and parietal regions at 80 m/s correspond to the highest injury-risk level. Further analysis showed that the regional differences in injury risk were closely related to local skull load-bearing capacity， structural characteristics， and intracranial pressure-wave propagation mechanisms. This study provides an important theoretical basis and quantitative reference for defining the safe operational boundaries of non-lethal weapons， optimizing protective equipment， and improving injury assessment standards.

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references

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