The shipboard equipment is constantly exposed to complex and harsh marine environments during the actual operation of ship.Some factors such as seawater corrosion，high humidity and mechanical vibrations accelerate the aging process of electrical components.Moreover，the human-induced operational errors，sudden natural disasters like severe storms，and unexpected equipment malfunctions can all cause significant damage to the shipboard power system and its communication infrastructure.Once damaged，a large amount of key data within the power system is lost，severely influencing the normal operation of the system and making it extremely difficult to accurately perceive the security situation，thus posing potential risks to the overall safety and reliability of the ship.Aiming at the issues of slow computation speed and subpar data restoration accuracy of the existing missing data recovery algorithms for power systems，this paper proposes an ultra-high-resolution measurement generation method based on minimal measurement information.In this method，the uneven spatial distribution of measurement points and their varying accuracies are fully considered to construct a spatial sparse measurement state equation for the power system，and the graph Fourier decomposition is employed to introduce a low-dimensional approximate equation of voltage for reducing the model parameters and enabling efficient low-order linear approximation.The innovative concept of a mask is also incorporated to build a state estimation optimization equation based on graph signal processing，achieving the rapid reconstruction of distribution network voltage and improving the global voltage quality.Through the IEEE-85 bus test case，the proposed method increases the voltage recovery accuracy by an average of 50% in the case of different measurement quantities compared with traditional methods like SDP-SE and MCSE，and reduces the computation time from minute-level to second-level compared with SDP-SE，supporting online system operation.Experiments in CloudPSS with an actual shipboard power system topological diagram show that the method can recover the missing voltage data within 1.2 seconds with an average absolute error of only 0.88%，validating its ability to accurately grasp the global information and enhance the anti-interference and self-healing capabilities of shipboard power system even when the communication system is partially damaged，ensuring the stable operation of shipboard power system.