李兵 , 刘念念 , 陈高杰 , 等 . 水中聚能战斗部毁伤双层圆柱壳的数值模拟与试验研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 1 ): 38 - 45 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.004 为研究聚能战斗部的水下作用特性，基于光滑粒子流体动力学-有限元方法耦合算法，模拟了聚能战斗部对双层圆柱壳结构的毁伤过程。分析金属射流的形成和射流速度衰减规律，研究高速金属射流、强冲击波与气泡载荷联合作用下对双层圆柱壳结构的毁伤模式和毁伤特性，并进行了海上模型试验验证。数值模拟与试验结果吻合良好。研究表明：水中聚能战斗部对双层圆柱壳结构的破坏载荷主要有金属射流、冲击波载荷及气泡载荷3种，金属射流穿透力强，造成结构的局部小尺寸破口；冲击波载荷及气泡载荷作用面积大，引起结构的大面积破口及塑性凹陷。

LI B , LIU N N , CHEN G J , et al. Numerical simulation and experimental research on damage of shaped charge warhead to double-layer columniform shell [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2018 , 39 ( 1 ): 38 - 45 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.01.004 In order to investigate the underwater explosion characteristic, the damage process of shaped charge warhead to double-layer columniform shell is simulated based on SPH-FEM coupling algorithm. The formation and velocity decay rule of metal jet are analyzed. The damage modes and the characteristics of high-speed metal jet are used to study the effects of strong shock wave and bubble load on double-layer columniform shell structure. The sea model explosion tests were conducted to verify the simulation. The numerically simulated results are in good agreement with the test results. It can be concluded that the damage effects of the shaped charge warhead on double-layer columniform shell include metal jet, shock wave and bubble. The metal jet causes small crevasse on the shell, and the shock wave and bubble cause large holes and plastic hollows on the shell. Key

刘晓波 , 梁德利 , 刘启庆 , 等 . 不同聚能射流水下毁伤性能对比分析 [J ] . 哈尔滨工程大学学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 8 ): 1434 - 1441 .

LIU X B , LIANG D L , LIU Q Q , et al. Comparative analysis of underwater damage performance with different shaped charge jets [J ] . Journal of Harbin Engineering University , 2024 , 45 ( 8 ): 1434 - 1441 . (in Chinese)

周方毅 , 姜涛 , 詹发民 , 等 . 高效聚能战斗部对含水夹层结构毁伤效应的研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2015 , 36 ( 增刊1 ): 122 - 125 .

ZHOU F Y , JIANG T , ZHAN F M , et al. Research on damage effect of high-powered shaped charge warhead to structure with water interlayer [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2015 , 36 ( S1 ): 122 - 125 . (in Chinese)

周方毅 , 黄雪峰 , 詹发民 , 等 . 一种双球缺组合药型罩聚能鱼雷战斗部研究 [J ] . 水下无人系统学报 , 2017 , 25 ( 3 ): 278 - 281 .

ZHOU F Y , HANG X F , ZHAN F M , et al. A shaped charge warhead with two spherical combined liners for torpedo [J ] . Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems , 2017 , 25 ( 3 ): 278 - 281 . (in Chinese)

周方毅 , 詹发民 , 黄雪峰 , 等 . 圆锥-球缺组合药型罩战斗部侵彻双层水间隔靶板 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 增刊1 ): 278 - 286 .

ZHOU F Y , ZHAN F M , HUANG X F , et al. Research on penetration of conical-spherical combined liner warhead into double-layers target plate with water interlayer [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( S1 ): 278 - 286 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0112 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0112 In order to improve the damage ability of shaped charge warhead,a kind of conical-spherical combined liner shaped charge warhead and a double-layers target plate with water interlayer are designed based on the initiation mechanism of combined liner shaped charge warhead. A physics model of warhead penetrating into the double-layers target plate with water interlayer is established, and is numerically simulated. According to the calculation results, a 1∶3 scale warhead prototype and a scaling equivalent target plate are made, then the test is finished, which is in favor of designing full-size warhead prototype. The result shows that the shaped charge warhead is propitious to damage the structure with water interlayer, which improving the damage effect to target.

周方毅 , 詹发民 , 黄雪峰 , 等 . 全尺寸圆锥-球缺组合药型罩聚能战斗部毁伤试验 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 增刊2 ): 251 - 258 .

ZHOU F Y , ZHAN F M , HUANG X F , et al. Test research on damage effect of full-size conical-spherical combined liner shaped charge warhead [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( S2 ): 251 - 258 . (in Chinese)

王雅君 , 郁锐 , 李伟兵 , 等 . 杆式EFP侵彻特性及其影响因素研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 增刊1 ): 174 - 182 .

WANG Y J , YU R , LI W B , et al. Research on the penetration characteristics of rod-shaped EFP and its influencing factors [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( S1 ): 174 - 182 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0682 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0682 For the penetration efficiency of rod-shaped explosively formed penetrator (EFP), the numerical simulation method is used to study the penetration characteristics of rod-shaped EFP. The influences of forming shape, impact velocity, and material characteristics of rod-shaped EFP on its penetration ability are analyzed, and the influence law of rod-shaped EFP forming characteristic parameters on the penetration process is obtained. The research results indicate that the rod-shaped EFP maintains a constant velocity motion during the penetration process, except for the initial stage (after collision) and the final stage (after rod erosion), satisfying the assumption of a constant velocity rod. When stable penetration occurs, the hollow tail skirt material continuously flows into the dense part to supplement its erosion loss with a gradual decrease in the length of the dense part. The length of the projectile can be increased to improve the penetration ability of EFP to a certain extent, but the normalized penetration depth decreases. The impact velocity and the length of dense part can be Increased to significantly enhance the penetration performance of rod-shaped EFP. The strength of rod-shaped EFP has a limited impact on penetration, but the target strength cannot be ignored. The density of target material is the main factor affecting the penetration of the projectile.

黄炫宁 , 李伟兵 , 李文彬 , 等 . 爆炸成型弹丸侵彻不同材料靶板后效破片特性试验研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 1 ): 58 - 68 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0696 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0696 为研究靶板材料性能对爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectile,EFP)侵彻靶后破片特性的影响,开展EFP侵彻不同材料靶板(Q235钢、45号钢、装甲钢、2A12铝)后效破片特性试验,采用X光摄影方法观测靶后破片云形态及膨胀尺寸,通过布置多层纤维板获得破片散布特性,并对靶后破片进行回收。研究结果表明:在靶板密度一定的情况下,靶板强度主要影响破片云轴向膨胀能力,对径向膨胀能力影响很小;靶后破片环形毁伤区的飞散角位于20°~25°范围内差别不大,但是靶板背面出口崩落会造成靶后破片飞散角出现极大值,随着钢靶强度的增大,靶后破片径向散布增强,破片总数减小,但是大质量段钢破片数量增多;不同强度钢靶产生的钢破片平均尺寸满足Kipp等提出的基于材料流动应力的碎片尺寸模型。

HUANG X L , LI W B , LI W B , et al. Experimental research on the characteristics of behind-armor debris from explosively formed projectile penetrating targets of different materials [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 1 ): 58 - 68 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0696 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0696 In order to study the effect of target material properties on the characteristics of behind-armor debris (BAD) generated by explosively formed projectile(EFP) penetration, the experimental research on the characteristics of BAD from EFP penetrating into the targets made of different materials, including Q235 steel, 45 # steel, armor steel and 2A12 aluminum, was carried out. The morphology and expansion size of BAD cloud was observed by X-ray photography, and the fragment dispersion characteristics was obtained by arranging multi-layered witness fiber plates, meanwhile the BAD were recovered. The results show that, when the target material density is constant, the strength of the target mainly affects the axial expansion capacity of the debris cloud, but has little effect on the radial expansion capacity. The dispersion angle of annular damage region of BAD is in the range of 20°-25°, but the back surface of the target is spalled to cause a maximum value of dispersion angle. With the increase of the strength of steel target, the radial dispersion of BAD increases, the total number of fragments decreases, while the number of steel fragments in the large mass segment increases. The average size of steel fragments produced by steel targets with different yield strengths satisfies the fragment size model based on material flow stress proposed in Ref.[19 ] .

杨珊 , 王树山 , 王韫泽 , 等 . 成型装药水下大炸高对多层间隔靶的侵彻威力 [J ] . 火炸药学报 , 2022 , 45 ( 2 ): 243 - 248 . DOI: 10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202111001 http://doi.org/10.14077/j.issn.1007-7812.202111001 为考察叠氮聚醚推进剂在点火过程中低温和高频加载下的瞬态黏弹性及其受冲击损伤特性，通过建立模量主曲线分析了不同配方推进剂在低温和高频加载下的黏弹特性，并采用冲击加载试验研究其在低温冲击载荷下的损伤行为。结果表明，随着加载频率升高，叠氮聚醚推进剂黏弹性质明显改变，高弹态向玻璃态转变的临界温度（T_c）移向高温；推进剂配方在-40℃和10³ Hz的冲击加载条件下，玻璃化转变温度在-42.4、-46.7和-50.8℃的3个配方，其T_c分别为-29.1、-34.9和-38.2℃；推进剂基体由高弹态转变为玻璃态，2 J冲击能量下可以通过X射线微层析成像技术（X-μCT）观察到药柱结构中高氯酸铵（AP）晶体出现严重破损，其破损裂纹与处于玻璃态基体裂纹贯通扩大，进而引起试样宏观断裂；而在-20℃和10³ Hz作用下时，处于高弹态的配方在冲击作用下只观察到AP晶体出现微裂纹。

YANG S , WANG S S , WANG Y Z , et al. Penetration power of underwater explosion height of shaped charge to multi-layer spaced target [J ] . Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants , 2022 , 45 ( 2 ): 243 - 248 . (in Chinese)

张之凡 , 李海龙 , 张桂勇 , 等 . 聚能装药水下爆炸冲击波和侵彻体载荷作用时序研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2023 , 43 ( 10 ): 102201 .

ZHANG Z F , LI H L , ZHANG G Y , et al. Action time sequence of underwater explosion shock waves and shaped charge projectiles [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2023 , 43 ( 10 ): 102201 . (in Chinese)

张雪梅 , 谢兴博 , 顾文彬 , 等 . 球缺型EFP在不同介质中的成型形态及侵彻性能研究 [J ] . 兵器装备工程学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 10 ): 189 - 198 .

ZHANG X M , XIE X B , GU W B , et al. Study on the forming morphology and penetration performance of spherical-defect EFP in different media [J ] . Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering , 2024 , 45 ( 10 ) : 189 - 198 . (in Chinese)

李明星 , 王志军 , 伊建亚 , 等 . 不同聚能装药水下作用效果的对比分析 [J ] . 兵器材料科学与工程 , 2017 , 40 ( 5 ): 95 - 99 .

LI M X , WANG Z J , YI J Y , et al. Comparative analysis of underwater effect for different shaped charge [J ] . Ordnance Material Science and Engineering , 2017 , 40 ( 5 ): 95 - 99 . (in Chinese)

康浩博 , 蒋建伟 , 彭嘉诚 , 等 . 杆式弹对厚壁壳体装药冲击起爆机制模拟分析 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2022 , 42 ( 1 ): 87 - 98 .

KANG H B , JIANG J W , PENG J C , et al. Simulation analysis on the initiation mechanism of the explosive charge covered with a thick shell impacted by a rod projectile [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2022 , 42 ( 1 ): 87 - 98 . (in Chinese)

方青 , 卫玉章 , 张克明 , 等 . 射弹撞击带厚盖板炸药引发爆轰的机制 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 1997 , 9 ( 1 ): 16 - 20 .

FANG Q , WEI Y Z , ZHANG K M , et al. An investigation on the projectile impact initiation mechanism of detonation in explosive charges covered with a thick steel plate [J ] . Journal of Ballistics , 1997 , 9 ( 1 ): 16 - 20 . (in Chinese)

李小笠 , 赵国志 , 李文彬 . 长杆体垂直冲击带盖板炸药的临界起爆准则 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 2004 , 16 ( 2 ): 51 - 55 .

LI X L , ZHAO G Z , LI W B . Critical energy criterion used to predict covered explosives impacted by rod [J ] . Journal of Ballistics , 2004 , 16 ( 2 ): 51 - 55 . (in Chinese)

HELD M . Initiation criteria of high explosives at different projectile or jet densities [J ] . Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics , 1996 , 21 ( 5 ): 235 - 237 .

HELD M . Critical area for the initiation of high explosive charges [M ] //ASAY J R,GRAHAM R A,STRAUB G K.Shock Waves in Condensed Matter 1983.New York,NY, US:Elsevier , 1984 : 555 - 557 .

张琨 , 赵长啸 , 韩彪 , 等 . 多弹丸协同冲击下柱壳装药响应特性数值模拟及试验 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 增刊1 ): 70 - 80 .

ZHANG K , ZHAO C X , HAN B , et al. Numerical simulation and experimental study on the response characteristics of cylindrical shell charge under collaborative impact of multiple projectilesl [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( S1 ): 70 - 80 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2024.0356 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2024.0356 The response characteristics of cylindrical shell charge under the collaborative impact of multiple explosively formed projectiles (MEFPs) are studied. The response characteristics of cylindrical shell charges with different densities are analyzed by using a combination of theoretical calculation and numerical simulation based on impact detonation tests. The results indicate that the density of MEFPs, λ , and the thickness of cylindrical shell wall both affect the response characteristics. When λ is the same, the initiation time t increases synchronously with the increase in the thickness of cylindrical shell wall. The initiation time for the three wall thicknesses is increased by 2.00, 2.50, and 1.88 times, respectively. Especially when λ is 8 and 5.33, the initiation time shows a linear growth pattern; when h is the same, the initiation time t increases synchronously with the decrease in λ . The initiation time for the four spacings is increased by 2.66, 3.60, 3.25, and 2.50 times, respectively. Moreover, when h is 13mm, the initiation time also shows a linear pattern.The synergistic enhancement effect of MEFPs on cylindrical shell charges is differentiated when h is 13mm. When λ is 18 and 8, the impact initiation time of MEFP on a target is earlier than that of any single explosively formed projectile (EFP), with a maximum advance of about 41.22% and 8.61%, respectively, indicating a significant synergistic enhancement effect. When λ is adjusted to 4, the initiation ability of MEFPs on the cylindrical shell charges gradually converges with that of a single EFP, and the synergistic enhancement effect weakens.

郭淳 , 张先锋 , 熊玮 . 双EFP冲击引爆带盖板B炸药的累积毁伤效应 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2023 , 31 ( 8 ): 797 - 807 .

GUO C , ZHANG X F , XIONG W , et al. Cumulative damage effect on shock initiation of covered composition B by dual EFP impacts [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2023 , 31 ( 8 ): 797 - 807 . (in Chinese)

方一舟 , 张先锋 , 熊玮 , 等 . 聚能射流侵彻有限厚钢靶后效参数的特性 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2024 , 32 ( 9 ): 899 - 910 .

FANG Y Z , ZHANG X F , XIONG W , et al. characteristics of aftereffect parameters of shaped charge jet penetrating finite thickness steel target [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2024 , 32 ( 9 ): 899 - 910 . (in Chinese)

张先锋 , 陈惠武 , 赵有守 , 等 . EFP对有限厚靶板侵彻过程及后效研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2006 , 26 ( 4 ): 323 - 327 .

ZHANG X F , CHEN H W , ZHAO Y S , et al. Investi- gation of process and aftereffect of EFP penetration into target of finite thickness [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2006 , 26 ( 4 ): 323 - 327 . (in Chinese)

李世纪 , 魏锦 . 杆式射流冲击屏蔽PBX炸药数值模拟研究 [J ] . 兵器装备工程学报 , 2020 , 41 ( 9 ): 135 - 138 ,143.

LI X J , WEI J . Numerical simulation on impacting initiation covered PBX by rod-type jet [J ] . Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering , 2020 , 41 ( 9 ): 135 - 138 ,143. (in Chinese)

王利侠 , 周涛 , 贺海民 , 等 . 聚能射流引爆屏蔽B炸药的数值模拟及试验 [J ] . 爆破器材 , 2015 , 44 ( 5 ): 56 - 60 .

WANG L X , ZHOU T , HE H M , et al. Numerical simulation and experiment of shaped charge jet detonating shielded explosive B [J ] . Blasting Materials , 2015 , 44 ( 5 ): 56 - 60 . (in Chinese)

王利侠 , 谷鸿平 , 丁刚 , 等 . 聚能射流对带壳浇注PBX装药的撞击响应 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2015 , 23 ( 11 ): 1067 - 1072 .

WANG L X , GU H P , DING G , et al. Impact response of shaped charge jet on shell-pouring PBX charge [J ] . Energetic Materials , 2015 , 23 ( 11 ): 1067 - 1072 . (in Chinese)

刘华宁 , 郑宇 , 邱从礼 , 等 . 新型炸药2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的射流冲击感度实验研究 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2014 , 22 ( 3 ): 337 - 342 .

LI H C , ZHENG Y , QIU C L , et al. Experimental study on jet impact sensitivity of a new explosive 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2014 , 22 ( 3 ): 337 - 342 . (in Chinese)

蒋文灿 , 傅丹 , 梁斌 , 等 . 数值模拟研究屏蔽板厚度对杆式射流冲击屏蔽炸药过程的影响 [J ] . 弹箭与制导学报 , 2023 , 43 ( 6 ): 8 - 13 . DOI: 10.15892/j.cnki.djzdxb.2023.06.002 http://doi.org/10.15892/j.cnki.djzdxb.2023.06.002 为研究屏蔽板厚度变化对杆式射流冲击起爆屏蔽炸药的影响,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian,ALE)流固耦合算法,对屏蔽板厚度变化时K型装药形成的聚能杆式射流(射流头部速度6 556 m·s^-1)冲击起爆屏蔽炸药过程进行了数值模拟计算研究。研究结果表明,随着屏蔽板厚度逐渐增大,屏蔽炸药的起爆方式由前驱冲击波和压缩波起爆方式转变为射流冲击起爆方式,转折点屏蔽板厚度为1.4D(D为装药口径)。当屏蔽板厚度超过3.1D时,射流已经不能使屏蔽炸药起爆。对于厚壁装药,随着屏蔽板厚度增加,射流冲击屏蔽板产生的前驱冲击波可能无法起爆屏蔽炸药,起爆方式转变为射流直接侵彻起爆屏蔽炸药,并且厚壁装药下屏蔽板的厚度将对屏蔽炸药的冲击起爆距离产生明显影响,随着屏蔽板厚度增加,冲击起爆距离明显增大。

JIANG W C , FU D , LIANG B , et al. Numerical investigation on the initiation mechanism of covered charge with variable thickness shell impacted by rod jet [J ] . Journal of Projectiles,Rockets,Missiles,and Guidance , 2023 , 43 ( 6 ): 8 - 13 . (in Chinese)

詹发民 , 姜涛 , 周方毅 , 等 . 聚能射流引爆带壳装药数值计算分析 [J ] . 工程爆破 , 2018 , 24 ( 5 ): 23 - 27 .

ZHAN F M , JIANG T , ZHOU F Y , et al. Numerical simulation of shaped charge jet initiating shelled Explosive [J ] . Engineering Blasting , 2018 , 24 ( 5 ): 23 - 27 . (in Chinese)

郝礼楷 , 顾文彬 , 张亚栋 , 等 . 球缺型 EFP 毁伤混凝土墙试验与数值仿真研究 [J ] . 振动与冲击 , 2023 , 42 ( 1 ): 10 - 18 .

HAO L K , GU W B , ZHANG Y D , et al. Tests and numerical simulation for hemispherical EFP penetrator damaging a concrete wall [J ] . Journal of Vibration and Shock , 2023 , 42 ( 1 ): 10 - 18 . (in Chinese)

郝礼楷 , 谢兴博 , 顾文彬 , 等 . JPC聚能装药对钢筋混凝土墙毁伤效应的试验与数值模拟研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2023 , 43 ( 2 ): 023302 .

HAO L K , XIE X B , GU W B , et al. Experimental and numerical simulation research on damage effect of jetting projectile charge (JPC) on reinforced concrete wall [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2023 , 43 ( 2 ): 023302 . (in Chinese)

吴晗玲 , 段卓平 , 汪永庆 . 杆式射流形成的数值模拟研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2006 , 26 ( 4 ): 328 - 332 .

WU H L , DUAN Z P , WANG Y Q . Simulation investigation of rod-like jets [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2006 , 26 ( 4 ): 328 - 332 . (in Chinese)

陈兴 , 周兰伟 , 李福明 , 等 . 杆式射流对充液防护结构的毁伤机理及影响因素的数值模拟 [J ] . 高压物理学报 , 2021 , 35 ( 2 ): 025202 .

CHEN X , ZHOU L W , LI F M , et al. Numerical simulation of the damage mechanism and influencing factors of rod jets on liquid-filled protective structures [J ] . Chinese Joural of High Pressure Physics , 2021 , 35 ( 2 ): 025202 . (in Chinese)

时党勇 , 李裕春 , 张胜民 . 基于 ANSYS/LS-DYNA 8.1 进行显式动力分析 [M ] . 北京 : 清华大学出版社 , 2005 : 295 - 296 .

SHI D Y , LI Y C , ZHANG S M . Explicit dynamic analysis based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA 8.1 [M ] . Beijing : Tsinghua University Press , 2005 : 295 - 296 . (in Chinese)

桂毓林 , 于川 . 带尾翼的翻转型爆炸成型弹丸的三维数值模拟研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2005 , 25 ( 4 ): 313 - 318 .

GUI Y L , YU C . Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a flipping explosively formed projectile with empennage [J ] . Explosion and Shock , 2005 , 25 ( 4 ): 313 - 318 . (in Chinese)

陈刚 . A3钢钝头弹撞击45钢板破坏模式的数值分析 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2007 , 27 ( 5 ): 390 - 396 .

CHEN G . Numerical analysis of the failure mode of 45 steel plate impacted by A3 steel blunt-nosed projectile [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2007 , 27 ( 5 ): 390 - 396 . (in Chinese)

URTIEW P A , Vandersall K S , TARVER C M , et al. Shock initiation experiments and modeling of composition B,C-4,and ANFO [C ] // Proceedings of the 13rd International Detonation Symposium.Norfolk,VA , US : Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 2006 .

WALKER F E , WASLEY R J . Critical energy for shock initiation of heterogeneous explosives [J ] . Explosivstoffe , 1969 , 17 ( 1 ): 9 - 13 .

JAMES H R . An extension to the critical energy criterion used to predict shock initiation thresholds [J ] . Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics , 1996 , 21 ( 1 ): 8 - 13 .

JACOBS S J . The basis or a warhead design [R ] . Silver Spring,MD , US : Naval Ordnance Laboratory Informal Memorandum ,1979.