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YANG Y Z , FAN L X , XU C , et al. Experimental study of mechanical properties of 30SiMn2MoVA steel gun barrel processed by cold radial forging [J ] . Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology , 2021 , 143 ( 1 ): 011501.

邹利波 , 于存贵 , 冯广斌 , 等 . 基于温度修正的弹丸挤进身管过程摩擦模型 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 6 ): 1148 - 1156 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.004 弹丸挤进身管过程中，弹带与身管之间的摩擦特性不仅对内弹道特性产生影响，而且影响对身管寿命的预测。在弹丸挤进过程中，弹带与身管之间的摩擦具有高速高接触压力特性。基于弹丸挤进过程中的弹带变形机理，提出一种新的描述弹带与身管之间摩擦特性的摩擦模型，该模型考虑了接触压力、滑移速度以及连发射击时温度升高导致弹带表层熔化的影响；建立热力耦合的弹炮匹配有限元模型，分析弹丸挤进过程弹带应力及温度变化，并与文献［24-25］提出的摩擦模型进行对比验证，研究弹丸挤进过程中的弹丸速度和弹带表层温度变化规律。结果表明：新的摩擦模型能够准确描述弹丸挤进过程中弹带与身管之间的摩擦特性。

ZOU L B , YU C G , FENG G B , et al. Friction model of projectile engraving process based on temperature correction [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 6 ): 1148 - 1156 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.06.004 During the extrusion of projectile into a barrel，the friction between the cartridge belt and the barrel not only affects the internal ballistic characteristics，but also affects the prediction of barrel life. The friction between the rotating band and the barrel has the characteristics of high speed and high contact pressure during the engraving process of projectile. A friction model for describing the friction characteristics of rotating band and barrel is proposed based on the deformation mechanism of rotating band during engraving process of projectile. In the proposed model，the contact pressure，sliding speed and the effect of elevated temperature on the surface melting of rotating band during burst of fire are considered. A coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model for projectile matching is established to analyze the changes in the stress of rotating band and the temperature during engraving process. The proposed model is compared with the models in Refs.［24-25］. The velocity of projectile after engraving and the surface temperature change of rotating band are analyzed in detail.The result shows that the proposed friction model can accurately describe the frictional characteristics of barrel and rotating band during engraving process.

YANG Y , ZHANG X Y , XU C , et al. Dynamic stress analysis of anisotropic gun barrel under coupled thermo-mechanical loads via finite element method [J ] . Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures , 2020 , 17 ( 1 ): e243.

黄陈磊 , 蒋明飞 , 陈莉 , 等 . 热身管下小口径枪弹弹头壳材料对其膛内运动的影响规律 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2241 - 2251 .

HUANG C L , JIANG MF , CHEN L , et al. Influence of the material of small-caliber bullet jacket on its motion in hot barrel [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2241 - 2251 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0812 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0812 The barrel temperature of the 95-1 automatic rifle is too high and firing dispersion is high after multiple shots are fired. Using 5.8 mm bullet as the research object, an in-bore motion model under the coupling of multiple physical fields is established and verified by firing tests. Based on the basic principle of heat transfer, the influence of different bullet jacket materials on the motion in hot barrel is studied by the finite element method. The results show that, under room temperature, the in-bore swing angle of copper jacket bullets is smaller than that of copper clad steel ones. With the increase of barrel temperature, the in-bore swing angle of copper jacket bullet increases significantly. Under the same pressure, the muzzle velocity of copper jacket bullets is lower than that of copper clad steel ones. After firing 30 and 60 rounds, copper bullet muzzle velocity decreases by 2.2 m/s and 1.8 m/s, respectively. The in-bore motion time is increased by 2.6 μs and 4.7 μs with the increase of barrel temperature. After firing 30 and 60 rounds, the muzzle velocity of copper clad steel bullets decreases by 0.7 m/s and increases by 1.4 m/s, and the in-bore motion time decreases by 1.7 μs and 0.8 μs, respectively. The research results can provide theoretical reference for the design of small-caliber ammunition.

黄陈磊 , 景春温 , 陈莉 , 等 . 材料热物特性对热身管中弹丸运动状况的影响研究 [J ] . 火炮发射与控制学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 3 ): 8 - 15 .

HUANG C L , JING C W , CHEN L , et al. Study on the influence of thermal properties of materials on projectile motion in thermal barrel [J ] . Journal of Gun Launch & Control , 2021 , 42 ( 3 ): 8 - 15 . (in Chinese)

杨宇召 , 张晓云 , 徐诚 . 冷热枪状态下弹枪相互作用的热力耦合分析 [J ] . 振动与冲击 , 2020 , 39 ( 10 ): 44 - 51 .

YANG Y Z , ZHANG X Y , XU C . The interaction between copper jacket projectile and barrel under different temperature based on thermo-mechanical coupling finite element model [J ] . Journal of Vibration and Shock , 2020 , 39 ( 10 ): 44 - 51 . (in Chinese)

顾祖成 , 徐诚 , 曹帅 . 典型小口径步枪枪管系统冷热枪状态差异三维有限元分析 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 2018 , 30 ( 2 ): 47 - 53 . DOI: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2018)02-09 http://doi.org/10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2018)02-09 针对自动步枪在冷热枪状态下的差异,为揭示冷热偏机理和提高射击精度,以某典型小口径自动步枪为研究对象,基于热固耦合的研究方法,计算了镀Cr层但忽略膛线的某典型小口径自动步枪枪管系统在连续热冲击及膛压下的瞬态温度及变形,分析了其温度场和沿径向的位移场变化规律,仿真计算结果获得了试验数据的验证。研究表明:连发发射时内膛薄层各点的温度梯度将引起高频急剧变化的热应力; 热载荷是影响残余位移的主要因素; 枪管系统前几发弹峰值位移主要受脉冲位移影响,随着射弹量增加峰值位移主要受残余位移影响; 随着射弹量增加,热枪状态下枪管系统变形明显大于冷枪状态下变形; 热载荷是影响枪管系统变形的主要原因,膛压对枪管系统产生了位移脉冲,不影响残余位移。残余位移的增加量随射弹量呈减小趋势。

GU Z C , XU C , CAO S . Three-dimension finite element analysis on state difference between hot gun and cold gun in typical small caliber rifle barrel system [J ] . Ballistics Journal , 2018 , 30 ( 2 ): 47 - 53 . (in Chinese)

代程 , 曹岩枫 , 何龙 , 等 . 典型小口径自动步枪热散形成原因分析与结果预估 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 3 ): 885 - 892 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0776 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0776 热散现象是小口径自动步枪在连续射击后出现的射弹散布异常现象,对热枪状态命中率和作战效能有重要影响,形成机理尚不完全清楚。通过冷热枪对比试验发现,热枪状态下枪管向铜材料弹头壳传热,弹头壳温度升高、材料变软,弹与枪相互作用,使弹头出膛速度偏角和弹轴摆角大幅度增大,这是热散的主要原因。基于试验获得的热散机理,提出一种典型小口径自动步枪热散分析计算方法。该方法采用分段建模和参数传递方法,通过建立热枪状态枪管温度场和应力场分析模型、弹-枪相互作用热力耦合计算模型和随机外弹道及射弹散布计算模型,实现了热枪状态射击密集度的定量分析计算。计算结果与试验结果基本一致,为小口径自动步枪热散问题定量分析提供了有效预估策略。

DAI C , CAO Y F , HE L , et al. Cause analysis and result prediction of thermal dispersion for typical small caliber rifles [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2024 , 45 ( 3 ): 885 - 892 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0776 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0776 Thermal dispersion is an abnormal phenomenon of bullet dispersion after continuous firing of a small-caliber automatic rifle. It has an important influence on the shooting accuracy and combat effectiveness of the hot gun, but the formation mechanism of thermal disperison is not completely clear. Through the comparison experiment of hot and cold guns, it is found that, in the hot gun state, the barrel transfers heat to the copper bullet jacket, then the temperature of the jacket increases to soften the material, and the interaction between the bullet and the barrel greatly increases the deflection angle of bullet velocity and the swing angle of bullet axis, which is the main reason of thermal dispersion. A thermal dispersion analysis and calculation strategy for a typical small-caliber automatic rifle is proposed based on the thermal dispersion mechanism obtained from the experiment. Hot gun state barrel temperature field and stress field analysis model, bullet-barrel interaction thermos-mechanical coupling calculation model and random exterior ballistic and bullet dispersion calculation model are established by using the method of segmental modeling and parameter transfer, which realizes the quantitative analysis and calculation of the firing dispersion in hot gun state. The calculated results are basically consistent with the experimental results. The research in this paper provides an effective calculation method for the quantitative analysis of thermal dispersion problem of small-caliber automatic rifles.

WEI Z F , CHENG Y Y , WANG Z W , et al. Simulation study on the impact response of barrels with different rifling profiles during bullet engraving [J ] . Modelling and Simulation in Engineering , 2022 . DOI: 10.1155/2022/6407452 https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6407452 .

许辉 , 黄陈磊 , 王希阔 , 等 . 枪弹动态挤进阻力理论与实验研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2263 - 2273 .

XU H , HUANG C L , WANG X K , et al. Theoretical and experimental study of projectile dynamic engraving resistance [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2263 - 2273 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2021.0875 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2021.0875 The projectile's engraving process is nonlinear and transient, which affects barrel life and shooting accuracy. To reveal the mechanism of projectile/gun interaction, a dynamic engraving resistance model is developed by combining theoretical analysis, experimental study, and numerical simulation. Using explicit dynamic finite element method and Abaqus software, the dynamic engraving process of the projectile is simulated. Using the multi-parameter synchronous measurement technique, dynamic engraving experiments are carried out to verify the validity of numerical simulation. Based on the completely inelastic collision assumption, the dynamic engraving resistance model is established. The model includes the effects of material static strength, dynamic deformation resistance, and high-speed sliding friction, and is connected with projectile movement and structural parameters of the projectile/gun. Besides, results of the established model are compared with numerical simulation results, and the key factors affecting engraving resistance are analyzed. The results show that the dynamic engraving resistance first increases and then decreases. It reaches its maximum at the moment when the projectile's cylindrical part is completely engraved in the chamber throat. In addition, projectile velocity and volume change rate are two key factors that affect engraving resistance. The proposed theoretical calculation results are in good agreement with the simulation results, which verifies the accuracy of the theoretical model and provides theoretical foundation for the optimization of light weapon systems and design of barrel structures.

许辉 , 张瑞洁 , 蒋明飞 , 等 . 弹膛偏移对小口径埋头枪弹挤进动态响应的影响 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2219 - 2230 .

XU H , ZHANG R J , JIANG M F , et al. Effects of chamber offset on dynamic response of small-caliber cased telescoped ammunition during engraving [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2263 - 2273 . (in Chinese)

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ZHANG S J , RUI X T , Yu H L , et al. Study on the coupling calculation method for the launch dynamics of a self-propelled artillery multibody system considering engraving process [J ] . Defence Technology[2024-08-13] . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2024.04.011 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2024.04.011 .

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沈超 , 周克栋 , 陆野 , 等 . 内膛损伤枪管对内弹道性能和弹头出膛状态的影响研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 4 ): 718 - 727 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.04.006 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.04.006 为研究大口径机枪内弹道性能和弹头出膛状态受内膛损伤的影响规律，探究内膛损伤导致枪管寿终的关键因素，对某12.7 mm重机枪进行了系统的寿命试验。分析获得了该枪枪管内膛损伤的主要形式及其随射弹数增加在枪管轴向的分布及演化规律，在此基础上建立了精确的不同寿命阶段内膛损伤枪管的弹-枪热力耦合有限元模型。采用Fortran子程序实现了内弹道过程与显式有限元方法的迭代数值求解，获得了12.7 mm弹头内弹道性能及出膛状态等随内膛损伤发展的变化规律，将数值模拟结果与寿命试验数据进行对比验证了弹-枪耦合模型的准确性。仿真结果表明:弹头出膛时的扰动量、转速的下降量以及表面形貌的改变量等随枪管射弹数增加而增加，在身管寿命后期表现尤为明显；弹头出膛状态的改变是导致该枪枪管寿终的主要原因。研究结果对进一步分析内膛损伤引起的弹头外弹道性能退化行为，实现从内到外完整地分析枪管寿终机理具有重要意义。

SHEN C , ZHOU K D , LU Y , et al. Research on muzzle disturbances of gun barrel with bore damage during firing [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 4 ): 718 - 727 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.04.006 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.04.006 The influence of bore damage on interior ballistic performance and muzzle-leaving state of bullet is studied, and the mechanism of how bore damage leads to the end of barrel's life is explored. The accurate thermo-mechanical coupling finite element analysis (FEA) models of barrels with bore damage at different life periods are established based on the distribution and evolution rule of bore damage obtained through systematic life tests. The changing rules of interior ballistics performances and muzzle-leaving states of 12.7 mm bullet with the evelopment in bore damage are obtained through numerical simulation which combines the interior ballistics process and the explicit finite element method through Fortran subroutines. The coupling model of bullet and gun barrel is proved to be effective by comparing the calculated results of interior ballistic parameters with experimental results. The simulated results show that the initial disturbances of bullet at muzzle, the reduction in rotational velocity and the variation in bullet's surface topography increase as the firing cycle increases, especially in barrel's later lifetime. Variation in muzzle-leaving state of bullet is the key factor for barrel's life end. Research results have important significance on further studying how bore damage degrades bullet's exterior ballistics performance and the end-of-life mechanism of barrel. Key

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乔自平 , 李峻松 , 薛钧 . 大口径机枪枪管失效规律研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2015 , 36 ( 12 ): 2231 - 2240 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.12.004 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.12.004 为了研究大口径枪管在寿命过程中的变化规律，寻找失效原因，对两根不同材料枪管进行了综合寿命试验。分析了内膛阳线直径变化、内膛表面形貌变化、密集度、初速下降率及椭圆弹孔率与枪管寿命之间的关系，得到了某机枪两种寿命相差3 000发的寿终枪管的共同规律为：枪管寿终均表现为椭圆弹孔率超过本组射弹量的50%，内膛四锥、五锥的损伤是造成枪管产生椭圆弹孔的根本原因；在射弹量为1 200发时，枪管内膛五锥处的铬层已经严重成片脱落；由于枪管内膛尾部出现了鼓形，用量规测量得到的枪管内膛直径大小并不能反应枪管性能，但尾部阳线直径变化越快，枪管寿命越短。

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