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李冠桦 , 张良潮 , 翁昌梅 , 等 . 超高速钢球打击肥皂与生物靶标的创伤弹道特点研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2399 - 2407 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0536 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0536 通过对比研究不同速度钢球打击肥皂靶和生物靶的创伤弹道表现，探讨二者在超高速破片打击下的动态响应异同。采用不同速度（1 000 m/s、2 000 m/s、3 000 m/s、4 000 m/s）的0.72 g钢球分别打击肥皂靶和实验动物后肢肌肉丰满处。打击后观察靶标的弹道学表现，包括出入口大小、伤腔形状和大小、动物肢体损伤范围和损伤程度。研究结果表明：从1 000 m/s到4 000 m/s，随着钢球速度的增加，伤道入口越大，伤道出口从1 000 m/s到3 000 m/s逐渐增大；在4 000 m/s速度时，投射物未能穿出软组织,形成半球形伤腔；钢球以1 000 m/s速度打击肥皂时形成直径为5 cm的入口和直径0.6 cm大小的出口圆锥体；2 000 m/s速度打击肥皂时形成直径为16 cm的入口和出口直径3 cm大小的圆锥体；4 000 m/s速度打击肥皂时形成25 cm×25 cm×17 cm的半球形坑，未击穿肥皂；从弹道入口为起始点，以1 cm为间距分别测量的动物瞬时空腔、动物伤腔和肥皂空腔不同伤道深度上剖面投影的直径大小。对比相同速度钢球打击下剖面直径变化曲线，发现不同速度下伤道深度5～10 cm处肥皂空腔和动物的瞬时空腔的剖面直径相近。在超高速钢球打击下，肥皂靶形成的空腔与生物靶形成的瞬时空腔在伤道前端大小近似，可见肥皂靶可以一定程度上反映超高速钢球的生物杀伤效应。

LI G H , ZHANG L C , WENG C M , et al. Study of traumatic ballistic characteristics of ultra-high speed steel balls striking soap and biological targets [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2399 - 2407 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0536 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0536 By comparing the traumatic ballistic performance of different velocities steel balls striking soap targets and biological targets, the similarities and differences of dynamic responses between the two under hypervelocity fragmentation strikes were explored. A 0.72 g steel ball with different velocities (1 000 m/s, 2 000 m/s, 3 000 m/s, 4 000 m/s) was used to strike the soap target and the hind limb muscle fullness of experimental animals, respectively. The ballistic manifestations of the targets were observed after the strikes, including the size of the entrance and exit, the shape and size of the wound cavity, the extent of injury and the degree of injury in the experimental animals. From 1 000 m/s to 4 000 m/s, the ballistic entrance became larger as the velocity of the steel ball increased. And the ballistic exit gradually increased from 1 000 m/s to 3 000 m/s. At 4 000 m/s velocity, the projectile failed to penetrate the soft tissue, forming a hemispherical wound cavity. The steel ball striking the soap at 1 000 m/s formed a 5 cm diameter entrance and 0.6 cm size exit cone; the steel ball striking the soap at 2 000 m/s formed a 16 cm diameter entrance and 3 cm size exit cone. 4 000 m/s speed striking the soap formed a 25 cm×25 cm×17 cm spherical crater, which did not penetrate the soap. The diameters of the profile projections on different wound depths of the animal transient cavity, animal wound cavity and soap cavity were measured from the ballistic entrance as the starting point at a spacing of 1 cm, respectively. Comparison of the profile diameter change curves under steel ball strikes at the same speed revealed that the profile diameters of the soap cavity and the animal transient cavity were similar at different wound depths of 5 cm to 10 cm at different speeds. Under the ultra-high speed steel ball strike, the cavity formed by the soap target and the transient cavity formed by the biological target at the front end of the wound channel were similar in size. The soap target can reflect the biocidal effect of the hypervelocity steel ball to some extent.

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SWAIN M V , KIESER D C , SHAH S , et al. Projectile penetration into ballistic gelatin [J ] . Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials , 2014 , 29 : 385 - 392 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.024 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.024 Ballistic gelatin is frequently used as a model for soft biological tissues that experience projectile impact. In this paper we investigate the response of a number of gelatin materials to the penetration of spherical steel projectiles (7 to 11mm diameter) with a range of lower impacting velocities (<120m/s). The results of sphere penetration depth versus projectile velocity are found to be linear for all systems above a certain threshold velocity required for initiating penetration. The data for a specific material impacted with different diameter spheres were able to be condensed to a single curve when the penetration depth was normalised by the projectile diameter. When the results are compared with a number of predictive relationships available in the literature, it is found that over the range of projectiles and compositions used, the results fit a simple relationship that takes into account the projectile diameter, the threshold velocity for penetration into the gelatin and a value of the shear modulus of the gelatin estimated from the threshold velocity for penetration. The normalised depth is found to fit the elastic Froude number when this is modified to allow for a threshold impact velocity. The normalised penetration data are found to best fit this modified elastic Froude number with a slope of 1/2 instead of 1/3 as suggested by Akers and Belmonte (2006). Possible explanations for this difference are discussed. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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