JING L , WANG K Y , ZHAI W M . Impact vibration behavior of railway vehicles:a state-of-the-art overview [J ] . Acta Mechanica Sinica , 2021 , 37 ( 8 ): 1193 - 1221 . DOI: 10.1007/s10409-021-01140-9 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-021-01140-9

LIU K , JING L . A finite element analysis-based study on the dynamic wheel-rail contact behaviour caused by wheel polygonization [J ] . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Part F:Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit , 2020 , 234 ( 10 ): 1285 - 1298 . DOI: 10.1177/0954409719891549 http://doi.org/10.1177/0954409719891549 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954409719891549 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954409719891549 In this study, an explicit finite element analysis method was adopted to investigate the wheel–rail impact response generated by wheel polygonization, using a three-dimensional wheel–rail rolling contact finite element model. In this model, the infrastructure below the rails and the stiffness and damping of the sleeper supports were considered. Then, the characteristics of the wheel–rail contact zone, the stress/strain state and the wheel–rail impact force of the polygonal wheel–rail system were presented and discussed and were compared with those of the ideally perfect wheel–rail system. A parametrical study was then carried out to examine the influences of train speed and the polygonal order of the wheel on the wheel–rail impact response. The finite element analysis results revealed that the vertical wheel–rail impact force induced by wheel polygonization is related to the wheel radial deviation; the maximum contact force, stress and strain are all elevated with the increase of the order of the polygonal wheel, which suggested that the wheel should be repaired when it is in the initial lower order polygonal state. These findings can provide some theoretical and technical support for the optimal design of the wheel–rail system and the safe operation of high-speed trains.

敬霖 , 刘凯 , 王成全 . 列车碰撞被动安全性与司乘人员冲击生物损伤研究进展 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2021 , 41 ( 12 ): 1 - 33 .

JING L , LIU K , WANG C Q . Recent advances in the collision passive safety of trains and impact biological damage of drivers and passengers [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2021 , 41 ( 12 ): 1 - 33 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.1007/s10573-005-0001-7 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10573-005-0001-7 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10573-005-0001-7 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10573-005-0001-7

ZHOU X F , WANG J N , JING L . Coupling effects of strain rate and fatigue damage on wheel-rail rolling contact behaviour:a dynamic finite element simulation [J ] . International Journal of Rail Transportation , 2023 , 11 ( 3 ): 317 - 338 . DOI: 10.1080/23248378.2022.2083711 http://doi.org/10.1080/23248378.2022.2083711 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23248378.2022.2083711 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23248378.2022.2083711

CHENG Y C , CHEN C H , YEH C W . Derailment risk analysis for railway vehicles subjected to wind loads [J ] . Journal of the Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers , 2021 , 42 ( 1 ): 11 - 21 .

MIWA M , MIZUNO M . Modeling an optimal track maintenance schedule in consideration of train derailment risk [J ] . Quarterly Report of RTRI , 2014 , 55 ( 1 ): 51 - 59 . DOI: 10.2219/rtriqr.55.51 http://doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.55.51 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/rtriqr/55/1/55_51/_article https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/rtriqr/55/1/55_51/_article

CUARTERO J , LIZARANZU M , CASTEJÓN L , et al. Evaluation of passenger railroad car roll over crashworthiness [J ] . International Journal of Crashworthiness , 2006 , 11 ( 5 ): 419 - 424 . DOI: 10.1533/ijcr.2005.0120 http://doi.org/10.1533/ijcr.2005.0120 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1533/ijcr.2005.0120 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1533/ijcr.2005.0120

BAE H U , MOON J , LIM S J , et al. Full-scale train derailment testing and analysis of post-derailment behavior of casting bogie [J ] . Applied Sciences , 2019 , 10 ( 1 ): 59 . DOI: 10.3390/app10010059 http://doi.org/10.3390/app10010059 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/59 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/59 In this study, a full-scale train bogie derailment test was conducted. For this, test methodologies to describe the wheel-climbing derailment of the train bogie and to obtain accurate test data were proposed. The derailment test was performed with the casting bogie for a freight train and a Rheda 2000 concrete track. Two different derailment velocities (28.08 km/h and 55.05 km/h) were considered. From the test, it was found that humps in the concrete track affected the post-derailment behavior of the bogie when the derailment velocity was 28.08 km/h. For a higher derailment velocity (55.05 km/h), significant lateral movement of the derailed bogie was observed. This lateral movement was first controlled by wheel–rail contact, followed by contact with the containment wall. Finally, the train was returned to the track center.

LING L , DHANASEKAR M , THAMBIRATNAM D P . A passive road-rail crossing design to minimise wheel-rail contact failure risk under frontal collision of trains onto stuck trucks [J ] . Engineering Failure Analysis , 2017 , 80 : 403 - 415 . DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.07.003 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.07.003 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350630717304910 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350630717304910

BAE H U , YUN K M , LIM N H . Containment capacity and estimation of crashworthiness of derailment containment walls against high-speed trains [J ] . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit , 2018 , 232 ( 3 ): 680 - 696 . DOI: 10.1177/0954409716684663 http://doi.org/10.1177/0954409716684663 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954409716684663 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954409716684663 Europe, USA, China, Japan, and Korea, which possess advanced railway technologies, have attempted to develop high-speed rail technology and ensure safety based on social requirements and the need for greater speeds. However, despite these efforts, there have been recent reports of train accidents resulting in loss of lives. Fatal train accidents usually involve derailments or collisions that do not happen frequently. However, when they occur, the damage is catastrophic. Therefore, a protection infrastructure should be installed to minimize such damage. Since the high-speed railways were introduced in Korea, derailment containment walls have been constructed to mitigate and minimize the damages caused by such accidents. The need for the judgment of effectiveness and feasibility review of the derailment containment walls in terms of economics and construction ability has been presented by designers and constructors. In this paper, the authors have evaluated the containment capacity and collision durability (crashworthiness) of a derailment containment wall, constructed in Korea, using a collision simulation after the derailment of a train.

SONG I H , KIM J W , KOO J S , et al. Modeling and simulation of collision-causing derailment to design the derailment containment provision using a simplified vehicle model [J ] . Applied Sciences , 2019 , 10 ( 1 ): 1 - 18 . DOI: 10.3390/app10010001 http://doi.org/10.3390/app10010001 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/1 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/1 Adsorption using anion exchange resins is an efficient method for the removal of aromatic sulfonic acids (ASAs) from industrial wastewater. In this study, a series of weak-base anion exchangers (SD1–SD5) were synthesized to investigate the effect of functional group density of resins on the adsorption of ASAs from wastewater containing competitive inorganic anions. p-Toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) was selected as a target pollutant, and Na2SO4 was chosen as the competitive inorganic salt because of its widespread existence in industrial wastewater. Adsorption performances of these resins were evaluated and compared in terms of selectivity, kinetics, isotherms, regeneration, and dynamic adsorption behavior. Importantly, the PTSA uptake increased with the raising content of functional groups on resins in the absence of Na2SO4; however, in the presence of a high level of Na2SO4 (for example, ≥1%), a decrease in the functional group density could improve the adsorption capacity of resins for PTSA. Moreover, desorption and fixed bed column experiments were conducted in all resins, thereby confirming the effect of functional group density of resins on the PTSA adsorption in actual application. In brief, this research will provide a better understanding for the design and preparation of anion exchangers for the effective removal of ASA from wastewater.

GUO L R , WANG K Y , LIN J H , et al. Study of the post-derailment safety measures on low-speed derailment tests [J ] . Vehicle System Dynamics , 2016 , 54 ( 7 ): 943 - 962 . DOI: 10.1080/00423114.2016.1175646 http://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2016.1175646 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00423114.2016.1175646 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00423114.2016.1175646

侯帅昌 , 霍鑫龙 , 张相宁 , 等 . 碰撞脱轨事故下高速列车横向限位装置动力学特性及结构强度研究 [J ] . 铁道科学与工程学报 , 2021 , 18 ( 3 ): 588 - 595 .

HOU S C , HUO X L , ZHANG X N , et al. Study on dynamic characteristics and structural strength of lateral limiting device for high-speed train under collision derailment accident [J ] . Journal of Railway Science and Engineering , 2021 , 18 ( 3 ): 588 - 595 . (in Chinese)

杨占华 , 刘春生 , 李军 , 等 . 空降车辆着陆缓冲过程动态建模仿真 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 增刊1 ): 26 - 34 .

YANG Z H , LIU C S , LI J , et al. Dynamic modeling and simulation of airborne vehicle's landing buffer process [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( S1 ): 26 - 34 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.A021 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.A021 For the problems of high cost，long period and high risk of airdrop test of airborne vehicles，a simulation model of vehicles and cushion airbags was established in the design phase of an airborne vehicle. A simplified vehicle model，an airbag modeland a rigid-flexible coupling model of vehicle and airbag are established using the finite element analysis method，and the landing buffer processes of vehicle airdrop under normal and extreme conditions are simulated and calculated. The vehicle attitude changes during free fall， airbag cushion and rebound from airbag， the impact acceleration characteristics of bottom deck， top deck and turret of vehicle body， and the maximum stress position and maximum value of vehicle body structure under the two working conditions were obtained. The results show that the top deck of vehicle body has the largest impact acceleration，with an average peak value of 11.31 g under normal condition，and the maximum stress meets the design requirements；under extreme condition，the maximum peak impact load appears at the power plant support，and the maximum stress exceeds the design allowable value，for which a partial structural improvement design is required. The research results can provide the quantified load boundary conditions for vehicle structural optimization design，the calculation data for landing buffer process test and test programs，and the theoretical basis for the matching optimization，testing，and improvement of vehicle body and airbag.

王成全 , 周雄飞 , 刘磊 , 等 . 正面斜碰撞下列车脱轨行为与机理研究 [J ] . 铁道科学与工程学报 , 2023 , 20 ( 5 ): 1821 - 1832 .

WANG C Q , ZHOU X F , LIU L , et al. Derailment behavior and mechanism of a train under frontal oblique collisions [J ] . Journal of Railway Science and Engineering , 2023 , 20 ( 5 ): 1821 - 1832 . (in Chinese)

British Standards . BE EN 15227:2008+A1:2010 Railway applications-Crashworthiness requirements for railway vehicle bodies [S ] . BSI , 2011 .

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GUAN Q H , ZENG J , CHEN Z M . Improving the derailment criteria by taking the impact of attack angle into account [J ] . China Railway Science , 2009 , 30 ( 3 ): 74 - 80 . (in Chinese)

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孙丽霞 , 姚建伟 , 成棣 , 等 . 高速车辆动态脱轨临界状态评判方法 [J ] . 中国铁道科学 , 2020 , 41 ( 2 ): 113 - 122 .

SUN L X , YAO J W , CHENG D , et al. Critical state evaluation method for dynamic derailment of high speed vehicle [J ] . China Railway Science , 2020 , 41 ( 2 ): 113 - 122 . (in Chinese)

石怀龙 , 罗仁 , 曾京 . 国内外高速列动力学评价标准综述 [J ] . 交通运输工程学报 , 2021 , 21 ( 1 ): 36 - 58 .

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HOU L , PENG Y , SUN D . Dynamic analysis of railway vehicle derailment mechanism in train-to-train collision accidents [J ] . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit , 2021 , 235 ( 8 ): 1022 - 1034 . DOI: 10.1177/0954409720959870 http://doi.org/10.1177/0954409720959870 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954409720959870 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954409720959870 Train collision-induced derailment may result in serious casualties. This study investigates the railway vehicle derailment behaviour and explores the derailment causes in train-to-train impacts. A train-track coupled dynamic model is developed and validated. The lateral ( Yde) and vertical ( Zde) relative displacements of the wheel/rail pair are used for the derailment evaluation. The results show that the wheelset jumping derailment and the saw-tooth buckling mode may occur during the high-speed collisions. Derailment is mainly caused by car body yawing rotation and wheelset lateral and vertical displacements. Yawing and pitching motions of car body influence wheelset displacement significantly. Vehicles with the higher velocity generate more severe derailment behaviour. Under circumstance of the same train impact energy, the higher vehicle mass and greater car numbers have the stabilizing influence for reducing the derailment risk. Increasing the force on the main energy-absorbing structure which is set in the front-end crushing zone of a vehicle to dissipate the train impact energy and the damping coefficient of the secondary yaw damper can decrease the derailment risk. The train safety operation areas and derailment boundaries indicate that the reliability of the Yde criterion is higher.