The national consortium for the study of terrorism and responses to terrorism (START), global terrorism database [DB/OL ] . (2022-05) [2022-12-28 ] . https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/contact/download/. https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/contact/download/ https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/contact/download/

北京工业学院八系编写组 . 爆炸及其作用 [M ] . 北京 : 国防工业出版社 , 1979 .

The eighth Department of Beijing Institute of Technology . Explosion and its effect [M ] . Beijing : National Defense Industry Press , 1979 . (in Chinese)

宇德明 , 冯长根 , 徐志胜 , 等 . 炸药爆炸事故冲击波、热辐射和房屋倒塌的伤害效应 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 1998 , 19 ( 1 ): 33 - 37 .

YU D M , FENG C G , XU Z S , et al . The injury effects of blast waves, thermal radiation and the collapse of buildings produced by explosive explosion accidents [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 1998 , 19 ( 1 ): 33 - 37 . (in Chinese) In tins paper, an injury mechanism of blast wave is discussed and formulae of the radii with respect to lung injury death, head impact death, whole- body impact death and eardrum rupture due to blast waves are derived； moreover， the injury effects of explosion fireballs and the collapse of buildings by blast waves are discussed, formulae of the radii with respect to the thermal radiation due to fireballs are derived. Finally, a method for estimating the death number caused by the collapse of buildings is presented and the comparative importances of these kinds of injury effects are discussed.

伍杨 , 覃彬 , 王舒 , 等 . 基于爆炸冲击波的头盔防护性能 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2121 - 2128 .

WU Y , QIN B , WANG S , et al . Protective performance of helmet based on blast shock wave [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2121 - 2128 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0553 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0553 To deal with the problem of blast shock wave causing traumatic brain injury, the protective performance of helmets based on blast shock waves was investigated. Combined with the pressure sensor and the head surrogate as the simulation target, the test method of protection against blast shock waves for different helmet structures and different positions in the helmet was developed. The pressure-time curves of the forehead, calvaria and back of head were obtained and the propagation principle of the blast shock wave on the surface of head with or without protection in the experiment were analyzed. The results showed that the helmets can effectively attenuated the peak overpressure of shock waves. The peak overpressure on the forehead could be attenuated from 352.57 kPa without helmet to 151.31 kPa with QGF-03 helmet and to 11.36 kPa with the full-face helmet. At the same time, the shock waves were prone to diffraction and superposition/convergence during the propagation in the head surrogate with helmet. The peak overpressure of the back of head with QGF-03 helmet and FAST helmet respectively increased by 50%-100% and 9% compared to the situation without helmet, and the duration of overpressure on head with helmet was significantly increased. The mask could significantly reduce the effect of the blast shock wave on the head and the peak overpressure of the shock wave on the forehead and face could be attenuated by 75%. The full-face helmet had the best protection effects and the peak overpressure on forehead, calvaria and back of head were respectively reduced by 90%, 87% and 80%. Moreover, the airtightness has a positive effect on protection against shock waves.

康越 , 张仕忠 , 张远平 , 等 . 基于激波管评价的单兵头面部装备冲击波防护性能研究 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2021 , 41 ( 8 ): 179 - 191 .

KANG Y , ZHANG S Z , ZHANG Y P , et al . Research on anti-shockwave performance of the protective equipment for the head of a soldier based on shock tube evaluation [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2021 , 41 ( 8 ): 179 - 191 . (in Chinese)

熊漫漫 , 覃彬 , 徐诚 , 等 . 冲击波作用有/无防护颅脑靶标动态响应规律 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2182 - 2189 .

XIONG M M , QIN B , XU C , et al . Dynamic physical response law of protected/unprotected head surrogate under shock wave [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2182 - 2189 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0483 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0483 To explore the dynamic physical response of cranial brain under shock wave in warfare conditions, a physical model of protected/unprotected head surrogate impacted by shock wave from a soldier's rocket muzzle and intracranial pressure is developed. The pressure and evolution of different intracranial parts are analyzed. The intracranial pressure evolution for protected/unprotected head surrogates are compared. Under muzzle shock wave, the time-overpressure curve of unprotected intracranial pressure exhibits atypical shock wave characteristics. Unlike typical shock waves, the overpressure rises more slowly and lasts longer. The overpressure curve exhibits alternating oscillations of positive and negative pressure. The oscillation period is about 1 ms. The peak overpressure varies significantly in different intracranial parts. The counter shock side of the intracranial exhibits a significant negative pressure. The peak positive pressure on the counter shock side is nearly twice of that on the shock side, but the pressure impulses at different intracranial points are close to one another. Overpressure attenuation rates of different protected intracranial parts vary significantly. Compared with other intracranial parts, the overpressure attenuation rate of the counter shock side is highest. Moreover, the negative pressure effect on the counter shock side is weakened when covered with armor. The attenuation rate of the overpressure on the shock side is not obvious. The peak overpressure even increases in some parts with amor covered.

ZHU W , HUANG G Y , LIU H , et al . Experimental and numerical investigation of a hollow cylindrical water barrier against internal blast loading [J ] . Engineering Structures , 2018 , 172 : 789 - 806 . DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.062 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.062 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141029618300749 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141029618300749

ZHOU Y , WANG T , ZHU W , et al . Evaluation of blast mitigation effects of hollow cylindrical barriers based on water and foam [J ] . Composite Structures , 2022 , 282 : 115016 . DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115016 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822321014392 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263822321014392

CHEN L , ZHANG L , FANG Q , et al . Performance based investigation on the construction of anti-blast water barrier [J ] . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 2015 , 81 : 17 - 33 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.03.003 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.03.003 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X15000366 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0734743X15000366

陈鹏宇 , 侯海量 , 刘贵兵 , 等 . 水雾对舱内装药爆炸载荷的耗散效能试验研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 5 ): 927 - 933 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.05.012 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.05.012 为了分析水雾对舰船舱内爆炸冲击波的耗散与衰减作用，通过舱内装药爆炸试验研究方法，在有限空间爆炸舱中心设置爆源，测量并对比在有无喷雾工况下舱内典型位置的壁压和准静态压力。结果表明：在水雾抑爆的舱内爆炸试验中，水雾对舱内爆炸载荷的准静态压力和超压峰值削弱作用明显，其中27.5 g梯恩梯爆炸角隅位置的初始冲击波超压衰减率为26.47%，二次反射冲击波波峰值衰减率达到27.27%，准静态压力衰减率达到31.82%；喷雾液滴分布特性相同情况下，随着装药量增加，水雾对冲击波和准静态压力的衰减效果不断降低。

CHEN P Y , HOU H L , LIU G B , et al . Experimental investigation on mitigating effect of water mist on the explosive shock wave inside cabin [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2018 , 39 ( 5 ): 927 - 933 . (in Chinese)

王成 , 杨靖宇 , 迟力源 , 等 . 钢筋混凝土端面重墙结构的抗爆性能规律 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 1 ): 131 - 139 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2022.01.014 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2022.01.014 为研究钢筋混凝土端面重墙结构在爆炸冲击波下的抗爆性能，依据最大TNT当量为300 kg的现场试验，对D1、D2、D3 3种不同构型端面重墙的损伤破坏规律进行数值模拟研究。基于LS-DYNA有限元分析软件，建立流体和固体耦合数值模型，计算得到3种重墙房屋结构在爆炸冲击波作用下的破坏形态，并利用试验结果校正模型参数。进一步利用ConWep算法进行爆炸载荷加载，通过控制药量和爆距，得到不同超压和冲量载荷下重墙结构的破坏特征。以重墙的残余倾覆角作为划分依据，将计算结果分为3种破坏等级，拟合得到的超压-冲量曲线和药量-距离曲线可用于燃烧爆炸品厂房安全距离和仓库容量设计以及意外爆炸下的破坏程度评估。对比3种相似结构不同尺寸重墙的超压-冲量曲线，发现小尺寸D2构型的抗爆性能最差；当爆炸载荷超压较小时，大尺寸D3构型与D1构型抗爆性能相似；当超压较大时，D3构型的破坏形式发生变化，超压-冲量曲线发生右倾现象。

WANG C , YANG J Y , CHI L Y , et al . On the blast resistance performance of large-scale reinforced concrete wall [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 1 ): 131 - 139 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2022.01.014 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2022.01.014 To study the performance of reinforced concrete blast resistant wall under explosion shock wave, the damage laws of D1, D2 and D3 walls are studied by numerical simulation based on the test with maximum TNT equivalent of 300 kg. Based on LS-DYNA finite element software, a fluid-solid coupling numerical model is applied to calculate the failure modes of the walls under explosion, and the model parameters are corrected according to the test results. ConWep algorithm is used to apply the explosive load, and the failure characteristics of the walls under different overpressures and impulse loads are simulated by controlling the charge mass and explosive distance. Based on the residual dip angle of blast resistant wall after explosion, the numerically calculated results are divided into three damage levels. The overpressure-impulse curve and the charge mass-explosive distance curve obtained by fitting can be used for designing the safety distance of burning explosive plant and the warehouse capacity, and estimating the degree of damage under accidental explosion. By comparing the overpressure-impulse curves of three configurations of walls, it is found that the blast resistance of small size D2 is the weakest; when the peak overpressure of explosion load is small, the blast resistance of D3 is similar to that of D1; and when the overpressure is large, the failure mode of D3 changes, and the overpressure-impulse curve has a tendency of right deviation.

JIANG Y X , ZHANG B Y , WEI J S , et al . Study on the dynamic response of polyurea coated steel tank subjected to blast loadings [J ] . Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries , 2020 , 67 : 104234 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104234 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104234 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950423020305210 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950423020305210

刘春美 , 黄广炎 , 由军 , 等 . 复合柔性结构防爆试验方法与判据研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2016 , 37 ( 增刊1 ): 96 - 100 .

LIU C M , HUANG G Y , YOU J , et al . Research on test methods and criteria of anti-explosion of a composite flexible structure [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2016 , 37 ( S1 ): 96 - 100 . (in Chinese)

年鑫哲 , 张耀 , 孙传怀 , 等 . 空气冲击波作用于柔性防爆墙的透射和绕射效应分析 [J ] . 工程力学 , 2015 , 32 ( 3 ): 241 - 248 , 256.

NIAN X Z , ZHANG Y , SUN C H , et al . Analysis of transmission and diffraction effects of air shock waves upon flexible explosion-proof walls [J ] . Engineering Mechanics , 2015 , 32 ( 3 ): 241 - 248 , 256. (in Chinese)

防爆罐: GA 871—2010 [S ] . 北京 : 中华人民共和国公安部 , 2010 .

Bomb blast suppression bin: GA 871—2010 [S ] . Beijing : The Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China , 2010 . (in Chinese)

防爆容器通用技术要求: T/COS 004—2019 [S ] . 北京 : 中国兵工学会 , 2019 .

The technical requirements for explosion containement vessels: T/COS 004—2019 [S ] . Beijing : China Ordnance Engineering Society , 2019 . (in Chinese)

柔性防爆桶: Q/BIT RXFB-1500-D1—2021 [S ] . 北京 : 北京理工大学 , 2021 .

Soft explosion suppression barrel: Q/BIT RXFB-1500-D1—2021 [S ] . Beijing : Beijing Institute of Technology , 2021 . (in Chinese)

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KONG X S . Study on response characteristics of explosion load and composite multilayer protective structure [D ] . Wuhan : Wuhan University of Technology , 2013 . (in Chinese)

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CHEN J K , ALLAHDADI F A , SUN C T . A quadratic yield function for fiber-reinforced composites [J ] . Journal of Composite Materials , 1997 , 31 ( 8 ): 788 - 811 . DOI: 10.1177/002199839703100803 http://doi.org/10.1177/002199839703100803 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002199839703100803 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002199839703100803 A simple, 3-D yield function that is quadratic in stresses was proposed to describe the plastic behavior of fiber composites. It relaxes the two usually used assumptions that hydrostatic stress does not influence plastic deformation and that the total plastic dilatation is incompressible. It is also general in nature to allow for composites with various fiber volume fractions and different fiber arrays. The applicability of this quadratic yield function to fiber composites was examined, and the accuracy of the elasto-plasticity model was verified by using the macro stress-strain data generated by a 3-D nonlinear micromechanics model. Because this anisotropic plasticity model is simple and is in the general form of those widely used in existing numerical plasticity codes, it can easily be incorporated into the existing codes with little effort.

YOUSSEF S , MAIRE E , GAERTNER R . Finite element modelling of the actual structure of cellular material determined by X-ray tomography [J ] . Acta Materialia , 2005 , 53 ( 3 ): 719 - 730 . DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.10.024 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.10.024 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359645404006330 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359645404006330

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刘瀚 , 赵耀 , 郭志威 , 等 . 防爆装备对TNT炸药爆炸强噪声的防护性能 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2058 - 2074 .

LIU H , ZHAO Y , GUO Z W , et al . Performance of explosive-proof equipment in protecting against high-level tnt explosion sound [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 9 ): 2058 - 2074 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0064 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0064 High-level explosive noise (HLEN) is a non-lethal damage accompanying explosions, which can directly damage one's auditory system. Using the mechanism analysis of the HLEN's awareness and propagation, explosive noise tests with different TNT mass are conducted to study the sound pressure (p_sp), sound pressure level (p_spl), propagation laws of free air burst (FAB), flexible explosive proof (FEP), and steel explosive proof (SEP). The HLEN protection performances of FEP and SEP are compared with that of FAB. The results show that the HLEN has typical characteristics of low frequency and high p_sp & p_spl. At 20 m to 40 m from the explosion center, the peak p_sp attenuations are about 50%, 52%, 48%, and the peak p_spl attenuations are about 5.7%, 4.7%, and 4.9% for FAB, FEP and SEP, respectively. The peak p_sp/p_spl travel time is equal, i.e., Δt_FAB=Δt_SEP=Δt_FEP=0.057 s. FEP can weaken the peak p_sp by 52% to 93.5% and reduce the peak p_spl by 4.8% to 9.1%. SEP can decrease the peak p_sp by 24.6% to 93% and reduce the peak p_spl by 1.4% to 6.9%. Human ear injuries are graded on a scale of Ⅰ to Ⅳ. With FAB, the injury is mainly grade Ⅳ and Ⅲ. With FEP, the injury is mainly grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅲ-Ⅱ. With SEP, the injury is mostly grade Ⅳ-Ⅲ and grade Ⅲ.

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