张永民 , 姚伟博 , 邱爱慈 , 等 . 金属丝电爆炸现象研究综述 [J ] . 高电压技术 , 2019 , 45 ( 8 ): 2668 - 2680 .

ZHANG Y M , YAO W B , QIU A C , et al . Review of wire electrical explosion phenomena [J ] . High Voltage Engineering , 2019 , 45 ( 8 ): 2668 - 2680 . (in Chinese)

LEBEDEV S V , FRANK A , RYUTOV D D . Exploring astrophysics-relevant magnetohydrodynamics with pulsed-power laboratory facilities [J ] . Review of Modern Physics , 2019 , 91 ( 2 ): 025002 . DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025002 http://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025002 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025002 https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025002

黄显宾 , 徐强 , 王昆仑 , 等 . 基于箍缩装置的高能量密度物理实验研究进展 [J ] . 强激光与粒子束 , 2021 , 33 ( 1 ): 61 - 76 .

HUANG X B , XU Q , WANG K L , et al . Progress on high energy density physics experiments with pinch devices [J ] . High Power Laser and Particle Beams , 2021 , 33 ( 1 ): 61 - 76 . (in Chinese)

NI Y J , JIN Y , WAN G , et al . Numerical simulation on the pressure wave in a 30 mm electrothermal-chemical gun with the discharge rod plasma generator [J ] . Defence Technology , 2019 , 15 ( 5 ): 674 - 679 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.07.003 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.07.003 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221491471930193X https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221491471930193X

赵彦 , 曾庆轩 , 梁琦 . 电爆炸桥箔电导率模型研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2008 , 29 ( 8 ): 902 - 906 . 电爆炸桥箔是冲击片雷管的重要组成部分，其电导率是电爆炸过程中的重要参数。在分析桥箔状态变化的物理原理基础上，提出了将电导率分3个阶段来讨论：桥箔加热初始阶段、本征爆炸阶段和等离子体阶段。根据各个阶段的特点，建立了电爆炸过程桥箔电导率的计算模型。用此模型模拟的结果与实验结果具有很好的一致性。

ZHAO Y , ZENG Q X , LIANG Q . Study of theoretical model for conductivity of electric exploding foil [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2008 , 29 ( 8 ): 902 - 906 . (in Chinese) The electric exploding foil is an important component of slapper plate detonator, and its con?ductivity is a key parameter of electric exploding process. The conductivity was discussed from three phases, i. e. early heated, intrinsic exploding and plasma, by analyzing the physics principle of the change of foil state. A computational model of conductivity of foil in an electric exploding process was established based on the characteristics of each phase. The simulated results of the model coincide well with the experimental results.

Л.П.奥尔连科 . 爆炸物理学 [M ] . 孙承纬, 译. 北京 : 科学出版社 , 2011 .

ОРЛЕНКО Л П . Explosion physics [M ] . SUN C W , Translated . Beijing : Science Press , 2011 . (in Chinese)

刘彦 , 吴艳青 , 黄风雷 , 等 . 爆炸物理学基础 [M ] . 北京 : 北京理工大学出版社 , 2019 .

LIU Y , WU Y Q , HUANG F L , et al . Fundamentals of explosion physics [M ] . Beijing : Beijing Institue of Technology Press , 2019 . (in Chinese)

张永民 , 安世岗 , 陈殿赋 , 等 . 可控冲击波增透保德煤矿8 # 煤层的先导性试验 [J ] . 煤矿安全 , 2019 , 50 ( 10 ): 14 - 17 . 介绍了可控冲击波技术在保德煤矿的煤层增透先导性试验。试验设计了1个试验孔,2个近区观测孔和2个远区观测孔,对作业有效增透区域进行分析。试验结果表明:试验孔近区1号和2号观测孔瓦斯抽采量显著增加且呈明显的递增趋势,远区3号和4号观测孔瓦斯抽采量虽显著增加但递增不明显;揭示可控冲击波作业后裂隙场在近区发育丰富,远区相对较少的增透特点;初步确定冲击波致裂增透煤层的有效半径大于15 m。通过数据对比分析证明冲击波增透煤层存在最佳作用次数。

ZHANG Y M , AN S G , CHEN D F , et al . Preliminary tests of coal reservoir permeability enhancement by controllable shock waves in Baode Coal Mine 8 # coal seam [J ] . Safety in Coal Mines , 2019 , 50 ( 10 ): 14 - 17 . (in Chinese)

王树山 , 贾曦雨 , 高源 , 等 . 水下爆炸动力学的起源,发展与展望 [J ] . 水下无人系统学报 , 2023 , 31 ( 1 ): 10 - 29 .

WANG S S , JIA X Y , GAO Y , et al . Underwater explosion dynamics: its origin, development, and prospect [J ] . Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems , 2023 , 31 ( 1 ): 10 - 29 . (in Chinese)

KRASIK Y E , EFIMOV S , SHEFTMAN D , et al . Underwater electrical explosion of wires and wire arrays and generation of converging shock waves [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2016 , 44 ( 4 ): 412 - 431 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2513757 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2015.2513757 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7384527/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7384527/

韩若愚 , 李柳霞 , 钱盾 , 等 . 液体中金属丝电爆炸的研究现状与展望 [J ] . 高电压技术 , 2021 , 47 ( 3 ): 766 - 777 .

HAN R Y , LI L X , QIAN D , et al . Exploding metal wires in liquid: current situation and prospects [J ] High Voltage Engineering , 2021 , 47 ( 3 ): 766 - 777 . (in Chinese)

EFIMOV S , GUROVICH V T , BAZALITSKI G , et al . Addressing the efficiency of the energy transfer to the water flow by underwater electrical wire explosion [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2009 , 106 ( 7 ): 073308 . DOI: 10.1063/1.3243233 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3243233 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/106/7/073308/896087/Addressing-the-efficiency-of-the-energy-transfer https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/106/7/073308/896087/Addressing-the-efficiency-of-the-energy-transfer Experimental and hydrodynamic simulation results of submicrosecond time scale underwater electrical explosions of planar Cu and Al wire arrays are presented. A pulsed low-inductance generator having a current amplitude of up to 380 kA was used. The maximum current rise rate and maximum power achieved during wire array explosions were dI/dt≤830 A/ns and ∼10 GW, respectively. Interaction of the water flow generated during wire array explosion with the target was used to estimate the efficiency of the transfer of the energy initially stored in the generator energy to the water flow. It was shown that efficiency is in the range of 18%–24%. In addition, it was revealed that electrical explosion of the Al wire array allows almost double the energy to be transferred to the water flow due to efficient combustion of the Al wires. The latter allows one to expect a significant increase in the pressure at the front of converging strong shock waves in the case of cylindrical Al wire array underwater explosion.

张永民 , 邱爱慈 , 周海滨 , 等 . 面向化石能源开发的电爆炸冲击波技术研究进展 [J ] . 高电压技术 , 2016 , 42 ( 4 ): 1009 - 1017 .

ZHANG Y M , QIU A C , ZHOU H B , et al . Research progress in electrical explosion shockwave technology for developing fossil energy [J ] . High Voltage Engineering , 2016 , 42 ( 4 ): 1009 - 1017 . (in Chinese)

姚伟博 , 杨海亮 , 徐海斌 , 等 . 超长金属丝电爆炸等离子体的轴向光辐射均匀性 [J ] . 高电压技术 , 2022 , 48 ( 12 ): 5102 - 5109 .

YAO W B , YANG H L , XU H B , et al . Axial uniformity of pulsed intense flash of extra-long metal wire electrical explosive plasma [J ] . High Voltage Engineering , 2022 , 48 ( 12 ): 5102 - 5109 . (in Chinese)

HAN R Y , ZHOU H B , LIU Q J , et al . Generation of electrohydraulic shock waves by plasma-ignited energetic materials: I. fundamental mechanisms and processes [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2015 , 43 ( 12 ): 3999 - 4008 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2468064 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2015.2468064 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7222467/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7222467/

ZHOU H B , HAN R Y , LIU Q J , et al . Generation of electrohydraulic shock waves by plasma-ignited energetic materials: II. influence of wire configuration and stored energy [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2015 , 43 ( 12 ): 4009 - 4016 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2469593 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2015.2469593 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7239609/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7239609/

ZHOU H B , ZHANG Y M , LI H L , et al . Generation of electrohydraulic shock waves by plasma-ignited energetic materials: III. shock wave characteristics with three discharge loads [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2015 , 43 ( 12 ): 4017 - 4023 . DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2015.2477357 http://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2015.2477357 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7275170/ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7275170/

HAN R Y , WU J , ZHOU H B , et al . Parameter regulation of underwater shock waves based on exploding-wire-ignited energetic materials [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2019 , 125 ( 15 ): 153302 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5094921 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5094921 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/125/15/153302/308523/Parameter-regulation-of-underwater-shock-waves https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/125/15/153302/308523/Parameter-regulation-of-underwater-shock-waves This paper proposed and verified a method for adjusting parameters of underwater shock waves. In the experiments, a metal wire with an energetic material coat was exploded by applying a pulsed current on it. Under different matches of size/material of wire, mass/type of energetic material, and injected pulsed current, characteristics of shock waves were obtained. It has been proven that peak pressure, impulse, and energy of shock waves can be conveniently regulated by simply changing the explosion of either the wire or its energetic material coat. Finally, the mechanisms of this method were analyzed and potential applications discussed.

YANUKA D , ROSOSHEK A , KRASIK Y E . Comparison of electrical explosions of Cu and Al wires in water and glycerol [J ] . Physics of Plasmas , 2017 , 24 ( 5 ): 5945 - 502 .

ROSOSHEK A , EFIMOV S , TEWARI S V , et al . Comparison of electrical explosions of spherical wire arrays in water and glycerol on different timescales [J ] . Physics of Plasmas , 2018 , 25 ( 6 ): 062709 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5027145 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5027145 https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/25/6/062709/320137/Comparison-of-electrical-explosions-of-spherical https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/25/6/062709/320137/Comparison-of-electrical-explosions-of-spherical Results of underwater electrical explosions of spherical wire arrays in water and glycerol on the sub-microsecond timescale are presented and compared to those obtained on the microsecond timescale [Rososhek et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 122705 (2017)]. The time-of-flight of the converging shockwave was found to be approximately the same, despite almost three times faster energy density deposition into the exploding wires for sub-microsecond timescale explosions. This phenomenon was reproduced by numerical modeling, which showed that the exploding wires' expansion on both timescales results in almost identical radii when the convergence of the shockwave becomes self-similar. Thus, to increase the shockwave convergence velocity and consequently, the parameters of the compressed water near the shockwave implosion origin, instead of increasing the energy deposition rate, one must increase the initially stored energy.

SHI H T , HU Y , LI T , et al . Detonation of a nitromethane-based energetic mixture driven by electrical wire explosion [J ] . Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics , 2021 , 55 ( 5 ): 05 LT01.

ZHOU Z Q , NIE J X , OU Z C , et al . Effects of the aluminum content on the shock wave pressure and the acceleration ability of RDX-based aluminized explosives [J ] . Journal of Applied Physics , 2014 , 116 ( 14 ): 144906 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4897658 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897658 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/116/14/144906/138726/Effects-of-the-aluminum-content-on-the-shock-wave https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/116/14/144906/138726/Effects-of-the-aluminum-content-on-the-shock-wave To better understand the influence of the aluminum content on the performance of aluminized explosives, experiments in concrete and cylinder tests were performed. Three types of RDX-based aluminized explosives, in which the mass ratio of aluminum content was 0%, 15%, and 30% were considered in this paper. The shock wave pressures of the aluminized explosives in the affected concrete bodies were measured using manganin pressure sensors. The acceleration ability was obtained using a high-speed camera and a rotating mirror streak camera. The peak pressure attenuation characteristics of the explosives with various aluminum contents indicated that a higher aluminum content is associated with a slower peak pressure attenuation of the shock wave. In addition, the results of the cylinder tests and the metal-rod acceleration tests revealed the influence of the aluminum content on the acceleration ability of explosives in three different time periods. The test data presented in this paper verified the relationship between the aluminum content and explosive performance, which is of great significance for optimizing the properties of aluminized explosives.

续晗 , 罗永晨 , 倪晓冬 , 等 . 铝粉燃料连续旋转爆轰发动机工作特性 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 5 ): 1046 - 1053 . DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0002 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0002 为探索基于铝粉燃料的连续旋转爆轰发动机独特的爆轰特性及推进性能，开展铝粉/空气和氢气/空气连续旋转爆轰发动机热试车对比实验。实验结果表明：在相同发动机构型及条件下，铝粉/空气连续旋转爆轰发动机的推力比氢气/空气高35%；铝粉/空气的峰值压强比氢气/空气高11%；铝粉/空气的爆轰波传播速度比氢气/空气低11%；铝粉/空气工作模态同氢气/空气一样，均为单波模态。上述差异一方面由燃料不同物理化学性质所致，另一方面由气-固两相爆轰和纯气相爆轰差异所致。所得研究结果可为吸气式粉末燃料连续旋转爆轰发动机奠定一定的实验和理论基础。

XU H , LUO Y C , NI X D , et al . Operating characteristics of aluminum powder rotating detonation engine [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( 5 ): 1046 - 1053 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12382/bgxb.2022.0002 http://doi.org/10.12382/bgxb.2022.0002 The aluminum/air and hydrogen/air rotating detonation engines (RDEs) are experimentally studied and compared to reveal the specific detonation characteristics and propulsion performance of aluminum powder RDE.The RDE engines work at the equivalence ratio of 1 and the air mass flow rate of 260 g/s. It's found that the thrust of aluminum/air RDE is 35% higher than that of hydrogen/air RDE; the pressure peak of aluminum/air is 11% higher than that of hydrogen/air; the detonation velocity of aluminum/air is 11% lower than that of hydrogen/air; and the detonation propagation mode of auminum/air is the same as that of hydrogen/air, which are single wave mode. The above differences are not only caused by the different properties of fuel，but also caused by the difference between the gas-solid two-phase detonation and the gaseous detonation. The experimental results could provide a feasible solution for the air breathing aluminum powder RDE and establish a foundation for the solid powder RDEs.

方伟 , 赵省向 , 张奇 , 等 . 含微/纳米铝粉燃料空气炸药爆炸特性 [J ] . 含能材料 , 2021 , 29 ( 10 ): 971 - 976 .

FANG W , ZHAO S X , ZHANG Q , et al . Explosion characteristics of fuel-air explosive containing micro/nano-aluminum powder [J ] . Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials , 2021 , 29 ( 10 ): 971 - 976 . (in Chinese)

EFIMOV S , GILBURD L , FEDOTOV G A , et al . Aluminum micro-particles combustion ignited by underwater electrical wire explosion [J ] . Shock Waves , 2012 , 22 : 207 - 214 . DOI: 10.1007/s00193-012-0361-3 http://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-012-0361-3 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00193-012-0361-3 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00193-012-0361-3

陈显河 . 铝/水燃烧水下动力系统及其燃烧组织技术研究 [D ] . 长沙 : 国防科学技术大学 , 2018 .

CHEN X H . Reaearch on the underwater propulsion system and combustion thchnology based on aluminum and water combustion [D ] . Changsha : National University of Defense Technology , 2018 . (in Chinese)

袁伟 , 韩若愚 , 李琛 , 等 . 水中金属丝爆引燃铝粉悬浮液冲击波增强效应 [J ] . 强激光与粒子束 , 2022 , 34 ( 7 ): 118 - 123 .

YUAN W , HAN R Y , LI C , et al . Enhancement of underwater shock waves generated by exploding-wire-initiated reactions of aluminum powder suspension [J ] . High Power Laser and Particle Beams , 2022 , 34 ( 7 ): 118 - 123 . (in Chinese)

SARKISOV G S , ROSENTHAL S E , STRUVE K W . Thermodynamical calculation of metal heating in nanosecond exploding wire and foil experiments [J ] . Review of scientific instruments , 2007 , 78 ( 4 ): 043505 . DOI: 10.1063/1.2712938 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2712938 https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/78/4/043505/349892/Thermodynamical-calculation-of-metal-heating-in https://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article/78/4/043505/349892/Thermodynamical-calculation-of-metal-heating-in A method of thermodynamical calculation of thin metal wire heating during its electrical explosion is discussed. The technique is based on a calculation of Joule energy deposition taking into account the current wave form and the temperature dependence of the resistivity and heat capacity of the metal. Comparing the calculation to a set of exploding tungsten wire experiments demonstrates good agreement up to the time of melting. Good agreement is also demonstrated with resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulation. A similar thermodynamical calculation for Mo, Ti, Ni, Fe, Al, and Cu shows good agreement with experimental data. The thermodynamical technique is useful for verification of the voltage measurements in exploding wire experiments. This technique also shows good agreement with an exploding W foil experiment.

GRINENKO A , EFIMOV S , FEDOTOV A , et al . Efficiency of the shock wave generation caused by underwater electrical wire explosion [J ] . Journal of applied physics , 2006 , 100 ( 11 ): 113509 . DOI: 10.1063/1.2395603 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2395603 https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/100/11/113509/982549/Efficiency-of-the-shock-wave-generation-caused-by https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/100/11/113509/982549/Efficiency-of-the-shock-wave-generation-caused-by Shearing interferometry, together with shadowgraph and Schlieren photography techniques, has been applied for the visualization of the cylindrical water flow behind the shock wave generated by high-power 6 GW nanosecond time-scale underwater electrical discharge. The flow was visualized during the first microsecond of the wire explosion process in the region between the expanding exploding wire discharge channel and the shock wave. The optical methods, combined with the hydrodynamic calculation, enable an accurate estimation of the energy transferred from the discharge to the water flow. The estimated efficiency of the transformation of the electrical dissipated energy to the mechanical energy of the generated compressed water flow is ∼15%.

TUCKER T J , TOTH R P . EBW1: a computer code for the prediction of the behavior of electrical circuits containing exploding wire elements: SAND-75-0041 [R ] . Albuquerque, NM , US : Sandia National Laboratory , 1975 .

HAN R Y , LI C , OUYANG J , et al . Electrical explosion across gas-liquid interface: aerosol breakdown, shock waves, and cavity dynamics [J ] . Physics of Fluids , 2021 , 33 ( 7 ): 077115 . DOI: 10.1063/5.0058991 http://doi.org/10.1063/5.0058991 https://pubs.aip.org/pof/article/33/7/077115/1077374/Electrical-explosion-across-gas-liquid-interface https://pubs.aip.org/pof/article/33/7/077115/1077374/Electrical-explosion-across-gas-liquid-interface The electrical explosion of a conductor driven by a pulsed current can be used to simulate the effects of explosions in the laboratory, including the resulting shock waves and bubble dynamics. A fine metallic wire can also be used to initiate pulsed discharge in different media. This study shows images of an exploding wire across an air–water interface for the first time in the literature. The transient process was analyzed using high-speed backlit photography as well as waveforms of the spectrum and discharge. Streamer-like discharge developed from a triple-junction point within the current pause to induce a restrike in metallic aerosol, verifying that gas discharge was prevalent in the system. An upward dense plasma jet accompanied by a crown-like water spike was then observed and led to violent plasma–water interactions (mushroom cloud-like cluster) that were examined through a hydrodynamic simulation. The Stark broadening of the Hα line at 656.28 nm suggested that the electron density of the reaction zone could be 1018 cm−3 or higher. The resolved spatial–temporal images revealed that the plasma evolution process (in μs) was much faster than hydrodynamic processes, including damage to the interface and perturbations of the bubbles (in ms). Water, thus, remained in a “rigid” state during the pulsed discharge, and the explosion of the wire in it was not an adiabatic process at a timescale of 102 μs. Recombination and heat loss through the electrode governed the evolution of the post-discharge plasma, and the microscopic images revealed nano-lamellate nucleation on the surface of the electrode.

吴宁 , 张琪 , 曲占庆 . 固体颗粒在液体中沉降速度的计算方法评述 [J ] . 石油钻采工艺 , 2000 , 22 ( 2 ): 51 - 53 .

WU N , ZHANG Q , QU Z Q . Evaluation on calculation methods of solid particle setting velocity in fluid [J ] . Oil Drilling & Production Technology , 2000 , 22 ( 2 ): 51 - 53 . (in Chinese)

LIU Y , REN Y J , LIU S W , et al . Comparison and analysis of shockwave characteristics between underwater pulsed discharge and metal wire explosion [J ] . Physics of Plasmas , 2020 , 27 ( 3 ): 033503 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5140829 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140829 https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/27/3/033503/1063102/Comparison-and-analysis-of-shockwave https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/27/3/033503/1063102/Comparison-and-analysis-of-shockwave In order to study the difference in energy conversion efficiency of the shockwaves induced by the expansion of the plasma channel generated by underwater metal wire explosion (MWE) and subsonic streamer breakdown discharge (SSBD), a test stand was constructed, and the experimental results were obtained based on the condition that the voltages of the two discharge modes were the same at the time of the formation of plasma channels. The results showed that the peak value of shockwaves induced by the expansion of the channel and the energy conversion efficiency of MWE were much higher than those of SSBD. The reason lies in the difference in the injected power at the formation moment of the plasma channel and the difference in the time distribution of energy deposited into channels.

李鑫 , 赵凤起 , 郝海霞 , 等 . 不同类型微/纳米铝粉点火燃烧特性研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2014 , 35 ( 5 ): 640 - 647 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2014.05.010 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2014.05.010 微/纳米铝粉在火炸药领域具有广泛的应用前景，为揭示其在推进剂中的燃烧机理，利用CO₂激光点火装置对不同类型微/纳米铝粉点火燃烧性能进行了实验研究。研究结果表明：微/纳 米铝粉配比中纳米铝粉含量越高，点火燃烧性能越好；80 nm铝粉的点火延迟时间稍大于120 nm 铝粉，分析是由于活性铝含量降低其熔化所产生的内外压差变小所致。同时分析了微米铝粉与纳米铝粉的点火燃烧机理：经纳米镍粒子表面改性后微米铝粉点火燃烧性能有所改善，此时纳米镍粒子作为氧的载体；利用有机物包覆改性纳米铝粉，点火延迟时间增加，但结合其防止纳米铝粉氧化及自身能量性能两方面，采用含能聚合物包覆改性纳米铝粉仍具有很好的应用价值。

LI X , ZHAO F Q , HAO H X , et al . Research on ignition and combustion properties of different micro/ nano-aluminum powders [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2014 , 35 ( 5 ): 640 - 647 . (in Chinese)

STOBBS J M , NOVAC B M , SENIOR P , et al . A supersonic underwater discharge as a high-power ultrasound source [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control , 2021 , 68 ( 6 ): 2294 - 2302 . DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3054588 http://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3054588 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9336661/ https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9336661/

李金忠 , 张乔根 , 李原 , 等 . 直流电压下油纸绝缘杂质小桥的形成过程 [J ] . 高电压技术 , 2016 , 42 ( 12 ): 3901 - 3908 .

LI J Z , ZHANG Q G , LI Y , et al . Generation process of impurity bridges in oil-paper insulation under DC voltage [J ] . High Voltage Engineering , 2016 , 42 ( 12 ): 3901 - 3908 . (in Chinese)

王虹富 , 白帆 , 刘彦 , 等 . 爆炸冲击波作用下黑索今基含铝炸药的冲击点火反应速率模型 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 2 ): 327 - 339 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.02.011 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.02.011 为分析黑索今（RDX）基含铝炸药中铝粉的颗粒尺寸对炸药冲击点火的影响，以及建立该含铝炸药冲击点火的细观反应速率模型，开展了含铝炸药冲击起爆的实验和数值模拟研究。设计5 μm、 16 μm、40 μm和100 μm不同铝粉粒径，具有相同组分配比和RDX颗粒尺寸的4种炸药配方，对4种RDX基含铝炸药进行了冲击点火起爆实验；通过合理假设，提出RDX基含铝炸药的细观点火模型，并在考虑点火增长的基础上，完善细观反应速率模型，利用细观反应速率模型和含铝炸药的I&G模型对上述实验进行了数值模拟。实验和数值模拟结果表明：对于100 μm、 40 μm、 16 μm和 5 μm粒径铝粉含铝炸药，铝粉在CJ面前的反应度分别为0.80%、2.45%、3.20%和4.15%；随着RDX基含铝炸药中的铝粉尺寸减小，铝粉在CJ面前的反应速率增快，炸药中的前导冲击波传播速度变快且压力峰值增高，压力峰值的出现时间与前导冲击波到达时间的间隔减短，炸药的冲击感度提高；与I&G模型相比，细观反应速率模型计算的压力历史与实验结果更为吻合；细观模型能较好地模拟较大尺寸颗粒铝粉（铝粉尺寸大于炸药颗粒尺寸的1/10）的反应特征，对于100 μm和40 μm铝粉粒径含铝炸药，模拟计算每个拉格朗日位置的前导冲击波到达时间、压力峰值时间和压力峰值等参量与实验结果相差不超过10%。

WANG H F , BAI F , LIU Y , et al . Ignition reaction rate model of RDX-based aluminized explosives under shock vaves [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 2 ): 327 - 339 . (in Chinese)

荣吉利 , 赵自通 , 冯志伟 , 等 . 黑索今基含铝炸药水下爆炸性能的实验研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 11 ): 2177 - 2183 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.11.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.11.001 为研究黑索今（RDX）基含铝炸药水下爆炸性能，在户外水池中开展了不同药量和含铝量的RDX基炸药水下爆炸实验。采用水下高速摄影技术拍摄水下爆炸气泡脉动全过程，通过压力传感器对水中压力进行实时测量。在该实验条件下，首次拍摄到RDX基含铝炸药水下爆炸过程中二次反应现象，证明铝粉的二次反应是毫秒量级的。根据实验数据，对比分析了不同含铝量下RDX基含铝炸药水下爆炸过程中气泡脉动特性和水流场压力特性。实验结果表明：在气泡膨胀初期和收缩末期都发生了铝粉的二次反应；铝粉的二次反应显著增大了RDX基含铝炸药气泡的脉动能力；铝粉的二次反应对冲击波峰值的影响很小，对气泡脉动压力峰值的影响很大；铝粉的二次反应明显影响了水下爆炸的能量结构分布。

RONG J L , ZHAO Z T , FENG Z W , et al . Experimental study of underwater explosion performance of RDX-based aluminized explosive [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 11 ): 2177 - 2183 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.11.001 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.11.001 To investigate the underwater explosion performance of RDX-based aluminized explosive, the underwater explosion experiments for RDX-based aluminized explosives with different charge masses and aluminum contents were carried out in outdoor pools. The process of generation, expansion and contraction of underwater explosion bubbles was observed through the high-speed camera placed in water, and the pressure history of shock wave was measured by a pressure sensor. Under the experimental conditions, the secondary reaction process of powdered aluminum for RDX-based aluminized explosive during underwater explosion was captured by the high-speed camera firstly, which indicates that secondary reaction process of powdered aluminum is in the order of milliseconds. According to the experimental data, the pressure in flow field and the bubble pulsation were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the secondary reaction of powdered aluminium occurs in both the initial stage of bubble expansion and the end of bubble contraction. The secondary reaction of powdered aluminium significantly increases the pulsation ability of bubble. The secondary reaction of powdered aluminium has little effect on the peak value of shock wave and great influence on the peak value of bubble pulsation. The secondary reaction of powdered aluminium obviously affects the energy structure distribution of underwater explosion. Key

ROSOSHEK A , EFIMOV S , TEWARI S V , et al . Phase transitions of copper, aluminum, and tungsten wires during underwater electrical explosions [J ] . Physics of Plasmas , 2018 , 25 ( 10 ): 102709 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5049904 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5049904 https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/25/10/102709/1056680/Phase-transitions-of-copper-aluminum-and-tungsten https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/25/10/102709/1056680/Phase-transitions-of-copper-aluminum-and-tungsten Using streak images of underwater electrically exploding copper, aluminum, and tungsten wires (current densities of 107–108 A/cm2 and energy density deposition of 10–50 kJ/g) and generated weak shocks, the onset of each phase transition, its duration, and the time when the wire explosion occurred were determined. The measured discharge current and resistive voltage were used to calculate the energy and energy density deposition. Using the discharge current waveform and the onset of the strong shock wave, the specific action integral was calculated and compared with published data. The thermodynamic parameters during the wire explosion were calculated using one-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic simulations coupled with equations of state for water, copper, and aluminum. It was shown that the onset times of weak shocks, in general, cannot be related to the melting or the evaporation of the entire wire.

LI X H , ZHAO F , QIN J C , et al . A new method for predicting the detonation velocity of explosives with micrometer aluminum powders [J ] . Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics , 2018 , 43 ( 4 ): 333 - 341 . DOI: 10.1002/prep.v43.4 http://doi.org/10.1002/prep.v43.4 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15214087/43/4 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15214087/43/4

HAN R Y , ZHOU H B , WU J W , et al . Relationship between energy deposition and shock wave phenomenon in an underwater electrical wire explosion [J ] . Physics of Plasmas , 2017 , 24 ( 9 ): 093506 . DOI: 10.1063/1.4989790 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4989790 https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/24/9/093506/107806/Relationship-between-energy-deposition-and-shock https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/24/9/093506/107806/Relationship-between-energy-deposition-and-shock An experimental study of pressure waves generated by an exploding copper wire in a water medium is performed. We examined the effects of energy deposited at different stages on the characteristics of the resulting shock waves. In the experiments, a microsecond time-scale pulsed current source was used to explode a 300-μm-diameter, 4-cm-long copper wire with initial stored energies ranging from 500 to 2700 J. Our experimental results indicated that the peak pressure (4.5–8.1 MPa) and energy (49–287 J) of the shock waves did not follow a simple relationship with any electrical parameters, such as peak voltage or deposited energy. Conversely, the impulse had a quasi-linear relationship with the parameter Π. We also found that the peak pressure was mainly influenced by the energy deposited before separation of the shock wave front and the discharge plasma channel (DPC). The decay time constant of the pressure waveform was affected by the energy injection after the separation. These phenomena clearly demonstrated that the deposited energy influenced the expansion of the DPC and affected the shock wave characteristics.

ROSOSHEK A , EFIMOV S , GUROVICH V , et al . Evolution of a shock wave generated by underwater electrical explosion of a single wire [J ] . Physics of Plasmas , 2019 , 26 ( 4 ): 042302 . DOI: 10.1063/1.5092321 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5092321 https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/26/4/042302/256959/Evolution-of-a-shock-wave-generated-by-underwater https://pubs.aip.org/pop/article/26/4/042302/256959/Evolution-of-a-shock-wave-generated-by-underwater The results of an experimental, analytical, and numerical study of the cylindrical shock wave generated by the underwater electrical explosion of copper and aluminum wires are reported. Experiments were conducted using a microsecond timescale generator delivering ∼180 kA pulses with a 1.2 μs rise time. Shadow streak images were used to study the radial expansion of the exploding wire and the generated shock wave. It was found that the shock wave expansion velocity decreases to the velocity of sound in two stages: a fast stage and then a gradual stage. The fast stage occurs during ∼1.5 μs after the maximum of the resistive voltage is reached, and then, a gradual decrease occurs during several tens of microseconds. It was shown that the duration of the fast stage corresponds to the period of time when the main energy deposition into the wire occurs. Hydrodynamic simulations show that the fast decrease in the shock velocity is related to the evolution of the exploded wire's subsonic expansion, which leads to time/spatial compression of the adjacent water layer. For the gradual decrease stage of the shock wave velocity, we developed a simplified model, which considers uniform water density between the wire boundary and the shock wave front. The results of this model agree satisfactorily with the experimentally obtained shock wave trajectory and radial expansion of the wire.