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WANG Y , SONG X L , SONG D , et al . Synthesis, thermolysis, and sensitivities of HMX/NC energetic nanocomposites [J ] . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2016 , 312 : 73 - 83 . DOI: S0304-3894(16)30265-5 http://doi.org/S0304-3894(16)30265-5 1,3,5,7-Tetranittro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane/nitrocellulose (HMX/NC) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by an improved sol-gel-supercritical method. NC nanoparticles with a size of ∼30nm were cross-linked to form a network structure, and HMX nanoparticles were imbedded in the nano-NC matrix. The key factors, i.e., the selection of catalyst and solvent, were probed. No phase transformation of the HMX occurred before or after fabrication, and the molecular structures of the HMX and NC did not change. Thermal analyses were performed, and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, such as activation energy (EK), per-exponent factor (lnAK), rate constant (k), activation heat (ΔH(≠)), activation free energy (ΔG(≠)), activation entropy (ΔS(≠)), critical temperature of thermal explosion (Tb), and critical heating rate of thermal explosion (dT/dt)Tb, were calculated. The results indicate that HMX/NC presented a much lower activation energy (165.03kJ/mol) than raw HMX (282.5kJ/mol) or raw NC (175.51kJ/mol). The chemical potential (ΔG(≠)) for the thermal decomposition of HMX/NC has a positive value, which means that the activation of the molecules would not proceed spontaneously. The significantly lower ΔH(≠) value of HMX/NC, which represents the heat needed to be absorbed by an explosive molecule to change it from its initial state to an activated state, implies that the molecules of HMX/NC are much easier to be activated than those of raw HMX. Similarly, the HMX/NC presented a much lower Tb (168.2°C) than raw HMX (283.2°C). From the results of the sensitivity tests, the impact and friction sensitivities of HMX/NC were significantly decreased compared with those of raw HMX, but the thermal sensitivity was distinctly higher. The activation of the particles under external stimulation was simulated, and the mechanism was found to be crucial. Combining the thermodynamic parameters, the mechanism as determined from the results of the sensitivity tests was discussed in detail.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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SONG C G , LI X D , YANG Y , et al . Formation and characterization of core-shell CL-20/TNT composite prepared by spray-drying technique [J ] . Defence Technology , 2021 , 17 ( 6 ): 1936 - 1943 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.12.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.12.005 The core-shell 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane/2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (CL-20/TNT) composite was prepared by spray-drying method in which sensitive high energy explosive (CL-20) was coated with insensitive explosive (TNT). The structure and properties of different formulations of CL-20/TNT composite and CL-20/TNT mixture were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Laser particle size analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impact sensitivity test and detonation performance. The results of SEM, TEM, XPS and XRD show that ϵ-CL-20 particles are coated by TNT. When the ratio of CL-20/TNT is 75/25, core-shell structure is well formed, and thickness of the shell is about 20–30 nm. And the analysis of heat and impact show that with the increase of TNT content, the TNT coating on the core-shell composite material can not only catalyze the thermal decomposition of core material (CL-20), but also greatly reduce the impact sensitivity. Compared with the CL-20/TNT mixture (75/25) at the same ratio, the characteristic drop height of core-shell CL-20/TNT composite (75/25) increased by 47.6% and the TNT coating can accelerate the nuclear decomposition in the CL-20/TNT composites. Therefore, the preparation of the core-shell composites can be regarded as a unique means, by which the composites are characterized by controllable decomposition rate, high energy and excellent mechanical sensitivity and could be applied to propellants and other fields. © 2020 The Authors

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