缑宇翔 , 刘立盟 , 张保军 . 装甲车辆低温起动试验研究 [J ] . 环境技术 , 2019 ( 增刊2 ): 56 - 59 .

GOU Y X , LIU L M , ZHANG B J . Study on laboratory test of cold-starting for armored vehicles [J ] . Environmental Technology , 2019 ( Z2 ): 56 - 59 . (in Chinese)

OSZCIPOK M , ZEDDA M , RIEMANN D . Low temperature operation and influence parameters on the cold start ability of portable PEMFCs [J ] . Journal of Power Sources , 2006 , 154 : 404 - 411 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.035 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.035 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775305014345 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775305014345

GAO G X , YUAN Z L , YU J D . Investigation of cold start engine performance at low temperature fuelled with alternative fuel [J ] . Applied Mechanics and Materials , 2014 , 694 : 39 - 44 . DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.694 http://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.694 https://www.scientific.net/AMM.694 https://www.scientific.net/AMM.694

WU W , HU J B , JING C B , et al . Investigation of energy efficient hydraulic hybrid propulsion system for automobiles [J ] . Energy , 2014 , 73 : 497 - 505 . DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.042 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.042 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544214007403 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544214007403

马田 , 王志涛 , 张欣 , 等 . 履带车辆电传动系统减速机构热特性 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 10 ): 2170 - 2179 .

MA T , WANG Z T , ZHANG X , et al . On thermal property of reduction gear for electrical transmission system of tracked vehicle [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 10 ): 2170 - 2179 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.012 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.10.012 For improving the running stability of tracked vehicles，the thermal property of reduction gear for electrical transmission system of tracked vehicle is studied by 1D and 3D methods. 1D software is used to calculate the outlet pressure and flow rate of each lubrication and cooling orifice of reduction gear as well as the power loss and heat transfer path of reduction gear. The lubrication flow field and temperature field are simulated to obtain the temperature distribution of reduction gear by using 3D software.The research process of thermal properties of mechanical components in electric drive system of tracked vehicle is explored. The research process shows the advantages of 1D/3D software combined simulation method for the analysis of gear thermal property. It improves the accuracy of simulation results and shortens the simulation time.

徐保荣 , 吴延威 , 卢亚辉 , 等 . 综合传动装置起动扭矩测试试验研究 [J ] . 计算机测量与控制 , 2015 , 23 ( 5 ): 1606 - 1608 , 1612.

XU B R , WU Y W , LU Y H , et al . Research on test method of starting torque with integrated transmission system [J ] . Computer Measurement & Control , 2015 , 23 ( 5 ): 1606 - 1608 , 1612. (in Chinese)

王凯 , 徐保荣 , 王伟 , 等 . 液力机械传动车辆起动性能影响因素分析与试验研究 [J ] . 液压与气动 , 2015 ( 8 ): 63 - 66 , 86.

WANG K , XU B R , WANG W , et al . Influencing factors analysis and experimental study for starting performance of vehicle with hydro-mechanical transmission [J ] . Chinese Hydraulic & Pneumatics , 2015 ( 8 ): 63 - 66 , 86. (in Chinese)

张金豹 , 邹天刚 , 高秀才 , 等 . 基于中位秩加权的车辆传动装置直驶模式传递效率性能评估 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 增刊1 ): 54 - 59 .

ZHANG J B , ZOU T G , GAO X C , et al . Direct driving efficiency performance assessment of vehicle transmission device based on the median-rank weight [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2022 , 43 ( S1 ): 54 - 59 . (in Chinese)

王斌 , 宁斌 , 陈辛波 , 等 . 齿轮传动搅油功率损失的研究进展 [J ] . 机械工程学报 , 2020 , 56 ( 23 ): 1 - 20 . DOI: 10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 http://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 齿轮搅油损失（Oil churning losses）对传动系统的润滑性能、传动平稳性和节能经济性有着显著的影响。研究齿轮搅油损失的预测和控制方法，对传动系统的优化设计和节能减排有着重要意义。研究表明：高速工况下的搅油损失可达减/变速箱功率总损失的50%以上，且齿轮搅油损失随润滑环境、几何结构和运动工况条件变化显著。搅油损失机理复杂，涉及因素多，探索齿轮系搅油损失机理和掌握搅油能耗特性的变化规律，是国内外研究的难点和热点。至今已有大量齿轮搅油损失建模研究和应用，但主要都是针对某一特定工况或传动条件下的研究，鲜有全面的、完善的理论来分析搅油损失，因此对齿轮搅油损失进行全面的论述和总结很有必要。结合国内外的研究进展，从理论、仿真和试验三方面来综述齿轮搅油损失各影响因素的定性和定量研究，重点分析了搅油损失建模方法及应用场合，并指出了降低搅油损失的方法。

WANG B , NING B , CHEN X B , et al . Research progress in churning losses of gear transmission [J ] . Journal of Mechanical Engineering , 2020 , 56 ( 23 ): 1 - 20 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 http://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2020.23.001 Oil churning losses have a significant influence on lubricating performance, transmission stability, and energy-saving economy of transmission systems. Research on the predicting and controlling methods of gear churning losses contributes the optimal design and energy saving of the transmission system. Studies show that oil churning losses occupy more than 50% of total power losses of reducers/gearboxes under high speed condition, and that churning losses change significantly with the lubricating condition, geometrical structure, and working condition. Churning losses is complex in mechanism and involve extensive factors, therefore exploring its mechanism and mastering energy consumption characteristics is the recent research difficulties and hotspots. Lots of researches focused on the modeling and application of oil churning losses, but many of them aimed at some a special working condition and lacked universality and systematisms. Thus, it is necessary to thoroughly discuss and summarize churning losses. By combining recent research progress in theory, simulation and bench test, the churning losses are studied based on quantitative and qualitative analysis on different influence factors. Modeling methods and applications are emphasized and the methods of reducing churning losses are given in detail.

刘桓龙 , 谢迟新 , 李大法 , 等 . 齿轮箱飞溅润滑流场分布和搅油力矩损失 [J ] . 浙江大学学报(工学版) , 2021 , 55 ( 5 ): 875 - 886 .

LIU H L , XIE C X , LI D F , et al . Flow field distribution of splash lubrication of gearbox and churning gear torque loss [J ] . Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science) , 2021 , 55 ( 5 ): 875 - 886 . (in Chinese)

宁峰平 , 陈然 , 夭银银 , 等 . 预紧力与装配偏差对航天轴承摩擦力矩的影响研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 7 ): 1436 - 1442 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.07.023 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.07.023 针对低速、轻载航天轴承的摩擦力矩，建立了固体润滑航天轴承摩擦力矩的数学模型。结合拟静力学建立轴承受力平衡方程，研究径向装配位置偏差引起钢球受载变化情况，分析了轴向预紧载荷与径向装配位置偏差对航天轴承摩擦力矩的影响规律。研究结果表明：弹性滞后摩擦力矩、微滑动摩擦力矩和自旋摩擦力矩都随着轴向预紧载荷、径向偏载荷增加而增大；在轴向预紧载荷作用下，摩擦力矩组成分量中的弹性滞后摩擦力矩和自旋摩擦力矩增长趋势为下凸，微滑摩擦力矩增长趋势为上凸；而在径向位置偏差引起的径向偏载荷作用下摩擦力矩组成分量增长趋势为上凸；微滑动摩擦力矩和弹性滞后摩擦力矩为航天轴承摩擦力矩的主要组成部分；轴向预紧载荷和径向偏载荷导致摩擦力矩随其增加而增加，其中对差动摩擦力矩的影响作用最为显著，对弹性滞后摩擦力矩的影响次之，对自旋摩擦力矩的影响最弱。

NING F P , CHEN R , YAO Y Y , et al . Influences of preload and assembly deviation on friction torque of aerospace bearing [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2018 , 39 ( 7 ): 1436 - 1442 . (in Chinese)

宋新涛 , 孙士青 , 吴维 . 考虑局部磨损和空化效应的径向滑动轴承混合润滑分析 [J ] . 华南理工大学学报(自然科学版) , 2020 , 48 ( 8 ): 102 - 107 , 114.

SONG X T , SUN S Q , WU W . Mixed-lubrication analysis of journal bearing considering local wear and cavitation effect [J ] . Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) , 2020 , 48 ( 8 ): 102 - 107 , 114. (in Chinese)

于亮 , 马彪 , 陈漫 , 等 . 润滑油温度对铜基湿式离合器摩擦转矩的影响 [J ] . 机械工程学报 , 2020 , 56 ( 20 ): 155 - 163 . DOI: 10.3901/JME.2020.20.155 http://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2020.20.155 润滑油的温度变化会改变自身黏度,从而影响摩擦元件的润滑和接触状态,对离合器的动力响应产生显著影响,因此需要研究润滑油温度对湿式离合器摩擦转矩特性的影响。考虑离合器的流体润滑、粗糙接触、动力响应和热量传导,建立一个多物理场耦合的热力学模型;根据润滑油与离合器之间的换热特性,采用集总参数法得到离合器的平均温升。离合器台架试验验证所建立数值模型的准确性。结果表明在离合器的接合过程中,摩擦转矩的变化可分为三个阶段,即接合准备阶段A、缓慢变化阶段B和指数增长阶段C。润滑油温度主要影响阶段B的摩擦转矩。在阶段B早期,润滑油温度越高,黏性转矩越小,接触转矩越大。随后,润滑油温度的升高减缓黏性转矩的下降趋势,促进接触转矩的增加,从而促进摩擦转矩增长率的增加。为了保证离合器在阶段B的摩擦稳定性,最佳的润滑油温度范围为80~100℃。

YU L , MA B , CHEN M , et al . Influence of the temperature of lubricating oil on the friction torque of Cu-based wet clutch [J ] . Journal of Mechanical Engineering , 2020 , 56 ( 20 ): 155 - 163 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3901/JME.2020.20.155 http://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2020.20.155 The temperature change of automatic transmission fluid(ATF) will change its viscosity, which will not simply affect the lubrication and contact statuses of friction components but the clutch dynamic response. Thus, the influence of ATF temperature on the friction torque characteristics should be granted a much higher priority. A coupled numerical multi-physics model is proposed with the fluid lubricating, asperity contact, dynamic response and heat conduction taken into account. Based on the heat exchange characteristics of the clutch and ATF, the lumped parameter method is employed to obtain the clutch average temperature rise. Finally, the clutch bench test is carried out to verify the developed numerical model. The results show that the variation of friction torque can be divided into three stages during the clutch engagement process, namely, the preparation stage A, the slow change stage B and the exponential growth stage C. Notably, the ATF temperature mainly affects the variation of friction torque at stage B. At the early stage B, the higher the ATF temperature is, the smaller the viscous torque is, and the larger the contact torque is. Subsequently, the increase of ATF temperature slows down the decrease of viscous torque and promotes the increase of contact torque, thus contributing to the increase of the growth rate of friction torque. In order to ensure the clutch friction stability at stage B, the optimal ATF temperature range is 80-100℃.

ZHENG L J , MA B , CHEN M , et al . Influence of the lubrication oil temperature on the disengaging dynamic characteristics of a Cu-based wet multi-disc clutch [J ] . Applied Science , 2021 , 11 : 11299 . DOI: 10.3390/app112311299 http://doi.org/10.3390/app112311299 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/23/11299 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/23/11299 Clutch disengaging dynamic characteristics, including the disengaging duration and the variations of friction pair gaps and friction torque, are crucial to the shifting control of an automatic transmission. In the present paper, the influence of lubrication oil (ATF) temperature on disengaging dynamic characteristics is investigated through a comprehensive numerical model for the clutch disengaging process, which considers the hydrodynamic lubrication, the asperity contact, the heat transfer, the spline resistance, and the impact between the piston and clutch hub. Moreover, the non-uniformity coefficient (NUC) is proposed to characterize the disengaging uniformity of friction pairs. As the ATF temperature increases from 60 °C to 140 °C, the clutch disengaging duration shortens remarkably (shortened by 55.1%); besides, the NUC sees a decreasing trend before a slight increase. When the ATF temperature is 80 °C, the distribution of friction pair gaps is most uniform. During the disengaging process, the increase of ATF temperature not only accelerates the change of the lubrication status between friction pairs but also contributes to the decrease of contact torque and hydrodynamic torque. This research demonstrates for the first time, evidence for clutch disengaging dynamic characteristics with the consideration of ATF temperature.

CYRIAC F , LUGT P M , BOSMAN R . Yield stress and low-temperature start-up torque of lubricating greases [J ] . Tribology Letters , 2016 , 63 ( 1 ): 6 . DOI: 10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11249-016-0693-8

CYRIAC F , LUGT P M , BOSMAN R . The impact of water on the yield stress and startup torque of lubricating greases [J ] . Tribology Transactions , 2017 , 60 ( 5 ): 824 - 831 . DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2016.1215583 http://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2016.1215583 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402004.2016.1215583 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402004.2016.1215583

朱克勤 . 非牛顿流体力学研究的若干进展 [J ] . 力学与实践 , 2006 , 28 ( 4 ): 1 - 8 .

ZHU K Q . Some advances in non-Newtonian fluid mechanics [J ] . Mechanics in Engineering , 2006 , 28 ( 4 ): 1 - 8 . (in Chinese)

李勇 , 柳文琴 . 非牛顿流体流动的格子Boltzmann 方法研究进展 [J ] . 力学与实践 , 2014 , 36 ( 4 ): 383 - 395 .

LI Y , LIU W Q . The research progress of lattice Boltzmann method in non-Newtonian fluid flow [J ] . Mechanics in Engineering , 2014 , 36 ( 4 ): 383 - 395 . (in Chinese)

KRUGER T , KUSUMAATMAJA H , KUZMIN A , et al . The lattice Boltzmann method-principles and practice [M ] . Switzerland:Springer , 2017 .

PAL D R , SAMAD M A . Combined effects of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation on non-Newtonian fluid along a surface with heat generation and uniform surface heat flux [J ] . Dhaka University Journal Science , 2015 , 63 ( 2 ): 97 - 104 . DOI: 10.3329/dujs.v63i2.24443 http://doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v63i2.24443 https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJS/article/view/24443 https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJS/article/view/24443 The paper analyses the effects of Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) free convective heat and mass transfer flow on non-Newtonian power law fluids along a continuously moving stretching sheet with radiation, heat generation and viscous dissipation under the simultaneous action of suction, thermal radiation, heat source, uniform transverse magnetic field and viscous dissipation. The governing non-linear partial differential equations describing the flow fields under consideration are transformed into non-linear ordinary differential equations by using appropriate analysis of similarity and then solved the resulting problem numerically by applying Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iterative technique along with sixth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. The computational results of the skin friction coefficient (Cf) the rate of heat transfer namely the local Nusselt number (Nux) and the mass transfer coefficient namely the local Sherwood number (Shx) have also been presented in tabular form. In the present study, a comparison has also been done with a published article and found a good agreement.Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 63(2):97-104, 2015 (July)

毛明 , 周广明 , 邹天刚 . 液力机械综合传动装置-设计理论与方法 [M ] . 北京 : 兵器工业出版社 , 2015 .

MAO M , ZHOU G M , ZOU T G . Design of transmission for heavy tracked vehicle:theory and method [M ] . Beijing : Publishing House of Ordnance Industry , 2015 . (in Chinese)

梁文宏 , 刘凯 , 崔亚辉 . 基于有限元分析的直齿轮搅油损失计算及实验验证 [J ] . 工程力学 , 2016 , 33 ( 5 ): 220 - 226 .

LIANG W H , LIU K , CUI Y H . Theoretical calculations and experimental study of spur gears churning power loss based on finite element analysis [J ] . Engineering Mechanics , 2016 , 33 ( 5 ): 220 - 226 . (in Chinese)